Business Ethics (TEST)
Just cause requires that reasons for discipline or discharge related directly to job performance. True False
true
Primary social goods include A.) status. B.) freedom of religion. C.) poverty. D.) leisure time activities
a
According to David Ewing, two factors explain the absence of civil liberties and the prevalence of authoritarianism in the workplace. Which of the following is one of them? A.) the common law doctrine of eminent domain B.) the rise of personnel engineering and professional management C.) discriminatory employment practices due to strict constructionist interpretations of the Constitution D.) employer resistance to unionization
b
According to common-law, to legally terminate an employee, an employer A.) cannot have bad motives. B.) can have any reason or no reason. C.) is obligated not to discriminate. D.) must have good cause.
b
In Anarchy, State and Utopia, Robert Nozick advocates A.) Egoism. B.) Libertarianism. C.) Utilitarianism. D.) Kantianism.
b
According to libertarianism, there are no natural, Lockean rights. we have a basic right to assistance from others. happiness takes priority over other moral concerns. people should not attempt to coerce others
c
Our relationship with the law is best described by which of the following? The law is a completely adequate guide to the moral standards that we should follow. Violating the law is always immoral. To a significant extent, law codifies a society's customs, norms, and moral values. The law makes all immoral conduct illegal.
c
Rawls rejects utilitarianism because A.) it values moral purity. B.) governments wanted it. C.) it might permit an unfair distribution of burdens and benefits. D.) he saw it as a threat.
c
The courts and the general public find corporate responsibility A.) a waste of time. B.) contradicting. C.) useful and intelligible. D.) ambiguous and useless.
c
According to Galbraith's "dependence effect", production depends upon wants. advertising depends on the wants of the consumer. advertising depends on consumerism. consumer demand tends to be shaped by the production process
d
Proper logic states A.) a sound argument may have a false conclusion. B.) all valid arguments are sound arguments. C.) a sound argument may have a false premise. D.) all sound arguments are valid arguments
d
Proper logic states all valid arguments are sound arguments. a sound argument may have a false premise. a sound argument may have a false conclusion. all sound arguments are valid arguments.
d
Talk of justice and injustice typically focuses on: A.) reason, reflection, deliberation, and fairness B.) feeling, sentiment, happiness, and equality C.) fairness, impartiality, duty, and rights D.) fairness, equality, desert, and rights
d
The "rules of the game" for corporate work are intended to A.) destroy the competition. B.) make business fun. C.) let the games begin. D.) promote open and free competition
d
Which of the following is one of the three arguments in favor of narrow corporate social responsibility discussed in this chapter? business-can-handle-it visible-hand society-lacks-the-expertise let-government-do-it
d
Which of these is a valid reasoning for not hiring a potential employee? A.) physical appearance B.) a gap in the unemployment history C.) overqualified D.) lack of experience
d
An argument is valid only if all its premises are true. True False
false
Blank is used to refer to the possibility of communicating in online environments without using identity and being able to use pseudonyms and different personas.
networks
According to Adam Smith, individuals have natural endowments that should determine the kind of work they do. True False
true
According to Keith Davis, in addition to considering potential profitability, a business must weigh the long-range social costs of its activities as well. Only if the overall benefit to society is positive should business act. True False
true
According to Marx, when workers are alienated they are not truly free. True False
true
According to Mill, to say that I have a right to something is to say that I have a valid claim on society to protect me in the possession of that thing, either by force of law or through education and opinion. True False
true
According to Milton Friedman, business has no social responsibilities other than to maximize profits. True False
true
According to Robert Nozick, the basic moral rights possessed by all human beings are both negative and natural. True False
true
Big Data has been used impact decisions such as who goes to prison or who gets insurance.
true
Due process requires specific and systematic means for workers to appeal discharge or disciplinary decisions. True False
true
For philosophers, the important question is not how we come to have the particular moral principles we have, but whether we can justify them. True False
true
Immanuel Kant believed that prostitution was immoral because, by selling their sexual services, prostitutes allow themselves to be treated as only a means to an end. True False
true
Implicit in capitalism is the view that human beings aim to maximize their economic self-interest. True False
true
In business and elsewhere, your only moral obligation is to act within the law. True False
true
Rule utilitarianism applies the utilitarian standard, not to individual actions, but to moral codes as a whole. True False
true
Self-driving cars are predicted to dramatically reduce traffic accidents and fatalities by removing human error from the driving equation. True False
true
The express purpose of a boycott is the same as a strike - to hurt the employer and strengthen the union. True False
true
The idea that corporations will impose their values on us supports one of the arguments for the narrow view of corporate social responsibility. True False
true
The main point of the "Battle Over Bottled Water" is that water is the lifeblood of the earth. True False
true
The phrase "the declining marginal utility of money" means that successive additions to one's income produce, on average, less happiness or welfare than did earlier additions. True False
true
The BLANK Amendment limits the US Government's ability to restrict its citizens speech.
First
A basic tenet of capitalism is that capitalism requires private ownership of the major means of production. property refers only to physical objects. ownership is a simple relationship between a person and the thing owned. in the 21st century, capitalism no longer requires capital.
a
According to John Rawls, people in "the original position" choose the principles of justice solely on the basis of A.) self-interest. B.) their intuitive knowledge of the natural rights of all human beings. C.) their religion. D.) social utility
a
According to Locke, A.) property is a moral right. B.) individuals are not morally entitled to the products of their labor. C.) property acquisition is a duty. D.) individuals are morally entitled to take other's property
a
According to act utilitarianism, an action is morally right if and only if it maximizes total, net happiness. everyone prefers that action to any other action. it makes the person who does it happy. it brings only happiness and causes no pain.
a
Adam Smith proposed that in our pursuit of economic interests we are led by an invisible hand to promote general good. the moral compass within each of us. our gut instincts. the trends of the economy
a
An exclusive focus on short-term performance A.) has helped to create a high-pressure environment conducive to fraud. B.) encourages long-term research and development. C.) is the best guarantee of a company's long-term performance. D.) hurts stock prices
a
Eminent domain is the ancient right of government to take what from an individual? A.) property B.) food C.) clothing D.) liberties
a
Evidence for the idea that American manufacturing is declining is the fact that government now employs more people than manufacturing. fewer "hollow" corporations. a reluctance to outsource. a shrinking trade deficit.
a
For philosophers, the most important issue is not where our moral principles came from, but: A.) whether those moral principles can be justified B.) to what extent religion influences people's moral beliefs C.) how we acquired the beliefs we have D.) the legal basis for acting morally
a
For the first time since the Industrial Revolution, less than _____ percent of the American workforce was employed by manufacturing. A.) 10 B.) 62 C.) 25 D.) 50
a
Good moral judgments should be logical and A.) based on facts and acceptable moral principles. B.) based on religion. C.) beyond rational doubt. D.) coincide with what most scientifically trained people think
a
In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling included A.) support for corporations' First Amendment right to participate in the political process B.) that states should be permitted to distinguish between the rights of individuals and the rights of corporations. C.) that banking procedures are to be regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. D.) prohibiting business corporations from spending corporate funds to publicize political views that do not materially affect their business.
a
Karl Marx believed that A.) capitalism no longer exploits workers. B.) workers are alienated from their products, but not from themselves or other people. C.) under capitalism workers are alienated in several ways. D.) industrialization does away with alienation.
a
Many utilitarians would argue that increased worker participation in industrial life is beneficial. there is already sufficiently equal distribution of income. the free trade and laissez-faire view of Adam Smith best promote the total social good. social utility is irrelevant to issues of justice
a
Momentum for the corporate organization of business really gained momentum after which war? Civil War Revolutionary War World War I French and Indian War
a
Morality and self-interest A.) can sometimes conflict. B.) are in basic, irreconcilable conflict. C.) boil down to the same thing. D.) can never come into genuine conflict
a
More Americans are putting aside job success to A.) be with their families. B.) travel abroad. C.) get education. D.) win the lottery
a
Nozick's libertarian theory proposes A.) libertarians generally agree that liberty allows only a "night-watchman" state. B.) pleasure takes priority over any other moral concern. C.) if a person comes into possession of a holding through a legitimate transfer, then, morally speaking, she or he deserves that holding. D.) libertarians endorse utilitarianism's concern for total social well-being
a
One of the three important "limits to what the law can do" discussed by Christopher Stone is A.) designing effective regulations is difficult. B.) regulators are often "bought off" by corporations. C.) consumers don't want further legal regulation. D.) laws are passed before there is any real problem to worry about
a
One reason for believing that in practice capitalism fails to live up to A.) its own ideal of competition is B.) government subsidies and protective tariffs. C.) monopolies control almost all areas of economic life. the outsourcing of jobs. D.) so many small companies go bankrupt
a
Rather than strong work ethic, a more commonly seen role is: Me - first Happy days are here to stay Let the boss sweat it I like it easy
a
The Fugger dynasty was an example of A.) mercantile capitalism. B) financial capitalism. C.) globalized capitalism. D.) industrial capitalism
a
The code or principles of conduct that a person accepts can be distinguished from the person's morality in a broader sense that includes his or her values, ideals, and aspirations. constitute the whole of his or her morality. rarely guide his or her conduct in practice.
a
The example of Huckleberry Finn shows A.) we shouldn't rely uncritically on what our conscience says. B.) unlike most people, Huckleberry Finn lacked a conscience. C.) when in doubt, one should ignore one's conscience. D.) one should always obey one's conscience.
a
The key moral ideal in promotions is A.) fairness. B. )loyalty. C.) intelligence. D.) likeability
a
The narrow view of corporate social responsibility argues companies must make money within the "rules of the game" which rules out all of the following except for: A.) harm. B.) deception. C.) fraud. D.) force.
a
To the libertarians, their concept of liberty includes a commitment to A.) private property. B.) freedom of ideas. C.) freedom of speech. D.) happiness
a
When ethical relativism is put into practice, it implies that A.) we cannot say that slavery is wrong if the society in question believes it is right. B.) in ethics, sometimes the minority is right. C.) as societies evolve, their morality improves. D.) societies never share any moral values in common
a
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes moral standards from other sorts of standards? A.) moral standards take priority over other standards, including self-interest B.) moral standards are purely optional C.) moral standards cannot be justified by reasons D.) moral standards must be set or validated by some authoritative body
a
Which of the following contributed to the more relaxed incorporation procedures of modern times? The idea that incorporation is a by-product of the people's right to associate, not a gift from the state. The idea that incorporation is a gift from the state. The thought that laissez-faire is a losing proposition.. The move from mercantilist thinking to a belief in Benjamin Franklin's invisible hand
a
Which of the following represents a utilitarian belief? A.) We should bring about the most happiness for everyone affected by our actions. B.) We should concern ourselves only with the immediate results of our actions. C.) We must always disregard our own happiness when deciding what to do. D. )We must always support what most people want, i.e., by majority rule
a
A basic premise of Adam Smith's is A.) when people are left to pursue their own economic interests, disaster looms. B.) we can secure what we need from others only by offering them something they need from us. C.) the division of labor, though good for the firm, reduces overall efficiency. D.) human beings try to avoid acquisitive behavior
b
A common point of contention about corporations is A.) corporate punishment is no different from individual punishment. B.) philosophers and business theorists disagree whether corporations are moral agents. C.) if corporations are moral agents, then this relieves individual human beings of any moral responsibility. D.) modern corporations no longer utilize a CID structure
b
A key idea of Immanuel Kant's ethical theory is that: A.) only pleasure has intrinsic value. B.) we should treat people as ends in themselves, never merely as means. C.) the moral permissibility of our actions depends entirely upon their consequences. D.) all duties are prima facie duties
b
Adam Smith proposed that in our pursuit of economic interests we are led by A.) the trends of the economy. B.) an invisible hand to promote general good. C.) the moral compass within each of us. D.) our gut instincts
b
An exclusive focus on short-term performance hurts stock prices. has helped to create a high-pressure environment conducive to fraud. encourages long-term research and development. is the best guarantee of a company's long-term performance.
b
Capitalism operates on the debatable assumption that human beings find increased well-being through production of equality. greater material consumption. a higher sense of purpose. eliminating poverty.
b
Corporations differ from partnerships and other forms of business association in two ways. One of these is that their shareholders are entitled to their share of the company's profits as soon as they are ascertained or determined. they must be publicly registered or in some way officially acknowledged by the law. they are formed simply by an agreement entered into among their members. they are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission
b
Ethical relativism supports the theory that: A.) morality is relative to the goal of promoting human well-being. B.) what is right is determined by what a culture or society says is right. C.) different societies have similar ideas about right and wrong. D.) there are no moral values whatsoever
b
Good moral judgments should be logical and based on religion. based on facts and acceptable moral principles. beyond rational doubt. coincide with what most scientifically trained people think.
b
If an argument is valid, then the argument's conclusion must be true. the argument's premises are true. its conclusion must be true, if its premises are. the argument is sound.
b
Imagine a shopkeeper who is honest because being honest is good for business. When the shopkeeper refrains from cheating a customer, Kant would say this action A.) was wrong because its motive was impure. B.) was in accordance with duty, but not done from duty. C.) displayed a high level of moral worth. D.) shows that he was following the categorical imperative.
b
In Nozick's example of Wilt Chamberlain, he argues that other theories of economic justice inevitably fail to respect people's height. liberty. power of choice. skills
b
John Rawls' Theory of Justice lays within which type of tradition? Feudal society. Social contract. All for one and one for all. Principled living
b
Kant believed that we should always act A.) in a way that treats success as an end in itself, never merely as means. B.) in a way that moral beings give the moral law. C.) in a way that would be universally unacceptable to all rational beings. D.) in such a way that we can will the maxim of our action to be a local law
b
One of the seven factors given to help minimize the chances of setting unfair wages and salaries is that A.) Avoiding the prevailing wage in the industry and community wage level. B.) An employer's financial capabilities affect what constitutes a fair wage scale for that employer's employees. C.) A fair wage is whatever an employee is willing to accept. D.) If wages conform with the law, they are fair wages.
b
One of the three important "limits to what the law can do" discussed by Christopher Stone is laws are passed before there is any real problem to worry about. designing effective regulations is difficult. regulators are often "bought off" by corporations. consumers don't want further legal regulation
b
Primary social goods include poverty. status. leisure time activities. freedom of religion
b
Rather than strong work ethic, a more commonly seen role is: A.) Let the boss sweat it B.) Me - first C.) I like it easy D.) Happy days are here to stay
b
Since Congress passed the Americans With Disabilities Act in 1994 A.)all disabled persons must be hired. B.) employers must make "reasonable accommodations" for disabled workers. C.) employees must try to "undo" their disabilities. D.) employers must be careful to "screen" out disabled persons
b
Supererogatory actions are A.) actions that are wrong even though they produce some good. B.) actions that we are morally required to do, all things considered. c.) actions that are normally wrong to do, but can sometimes be right. D.) actions that it would be good to do but not immoral not to do
b
The authors use the murder of Kitty Genovese to illustrate A.) the paradox of hedonism. B.) bystander apathy. C.) ethical relativism. D.) groupthink.
b
The case of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Car in 1916 changed product liability law. As a result of it, the courts expanded the liability of manufacturers for injuries caused by defective products. permitted consumers to sue the retailer from whom they had purchased the product. adopted the principle of strict liability. adopted the principle of caveat emptor.
b
The concept of the "invisible hand" means A.) externalities must be internalized. B.) each person's private pursuit of wealth will result in the most beneficial overall organization and distribution of economic resources. C.) although it can't be seen, the hand of government controls the economy and exerts a beneficial pressure that promotes economic welfare. D.) feudalism inevitably gives rise to capitalism.
b
The example of Huckleberry Finn shows when in doubt, one should ignore one's conscience. we shouldn't rely uncritically on what our conscience says. unlike most people, Huckleberry Finn lacked a conscience. one should always obey one's conscience
b
The famous experiments by social psychologist Solomon Asch show A.) business organizations put more pressure on individual integrity than do other kinds of organization. B.) even temporary groups can pressure people to conform. C.) the power of peer pressure has been greatly exaggerated. D.) the truth of utilitarianism
b
The first principle of Nozick's entitlement theory concerns the original acquisition of A.) the crown. B.) holdings. C.) case law. D.) morals.
b
The view of ignorance demands people in the original position to be A.) difficult to come to agreement. B.) impartial. C.) biased. D.) forgiving
b
To properly protect consumers, tests of a product can safely assume that the product will be used in just the way that the manufacturer intends it to be used. if a product poses a potential, serious threat, a company may need to take extraordinary measures to ensure continued safe use of it. only new products, not established products, need to be tested. accidents occur exclusively as a result of product misuse
b
To the libertarians, their concept of liberty includes a commitment to A.) freedom of ideas. B.) private property. C.) freedom of speech. D.) happiness.
b
Which of the following consumer goods is responsible for the greatest number of individual social ills? handguns cigarettes cars alcohol
b
"If you want to go to law school, then you must take the LSAT exam." A.) This statement is an example of irrational behavior. B.) the transcendental imperative. C.) a hypothetical imperative. D.) the categorical imperative.
c
A common point of contention about corporations is if corporations are moral agents, then this relieves individual human beings of any moral responsibility. corporate punishment is no different from individual punishment. philosophers and business theorists disagree whether corporations are moral agents. modern corporations no longer utilize a CID structure
c
A practical basis for discussing moral issues involves taking account of A.) effort, duties, and organization. B.) compliance, contribution, and consequences. C.) effects, ideals, and obligations. D.) compassion, intellect, and patience
c
According to John Rawls, A.) in the original position, people must have full and complete knowledge. B.) liberty is of little or no importance compared to equality. C.) people in the original position choose the principles on the basis of self-interest. D.) justice forbids any social or economic inequalities.
c
According to one survey of cultural values A.) Americans value work more than Japanese do. B.) Americans place no value on work, only on money. C.) Americans typically value things like their children's education and a satisfactory love life more than work. D.) for Americans, only good health is more important than work
c
According to the text, psychological egoism A.) is based on hedonism. B.) is the same principle of morality as ethical egoism. C.) is the view that the best way to promote our own self-interest is to sometimes be selfish. D.) is derived from alleged fact that human beings are by nature selfish creatures
c
Aristotle's formal principle of justice states, A.) all people are to be treated the same in every situation. B.) from each according to his or her ability, to each according to his or her need. C.) similar cases must be treated alike except where there is some relevant difference. D.) from each according to his or her ability, to each according to his or her merit
c
Choose the statement that is a true reflection of moral beliefs. Morality in the broad sense is the set of moral rules you obey. Rules of etiquette are usually moral assertions. Bystander apathy appears to result in part from diffusion of responsibility. Conscience is a perfectly reliable guide for moral behavior.
c
Consequentialism A.) differs from nonconsequentialism because nonconsequentialism denies that consequences have any moral significance. B.) is best represented by Ross's theory of ethics. C.) states that sometimes the consequences of our actions can be morally relevant. D.) states that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results
c
Consequentialism A.) differs from nonconsequentialism because nonconsequentialism denies that consequences have any moral significance. B.) states that sometimes the consequences of our actions can be morally relevant. C.) states that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results. D.) is best represented by Ross's theory of ethics
c
Corporations differ from partnerships and other forms of business association in two ways. One of these is that A.) their shareholders are entitled to their share of the company's profits as soon as they are ascertained or determined. B.) they are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission. C.) they must be publicly registered or in some way officially acknowledged by the law. D.) they are formed simply by an agreement entered into among their members
c
In association with labor and capital, Mill had contrasting views of A.) farmers' markets profit. B.) welfare. C.) profit sharing. D.) freedom of speech.
c
In the corporate world, the board of directors will write the policies and procedures. hire and fire people for key management positions. rubber stamp the policies and recommendations of the management. be there just for show
c
In union terms, a direct strike occurs A.) when union members and their supporters refuse to buy products from a company being struck. B.) when workers who have no particular grievance of their own and who may or may not have the same employer decide to strike in support of others. C.) when an organized body of workers withholds its labor to force the employer to comply with its demands. D.) when people refuse to patronize companies that handle products of struck companies.
c
Kenneth Arrow discussed two important situations in which profit maximization can be socially inefficient. One of these occurs when firms are unwilling or simply refuse to maximize profits. corporate culture promotes dysfunctional social relations. there is an imbalance of knowledge between buyer and seller. business would be an "inept custodian" of public values
c
Most Americans believe a corporation's top obligation is to its A.) stockholders. B.) community. C.) employees. D.) nation
c
Nonconsequentialists like Ross believe that A.) utilitarianism doesn't require us to sacrifice as much as we should to help other people. B.) people's so-called "moral rights" are unimportant when determining the right course of action. C.) morality permits each of us a sphere in which to pursue our own plans and goals. D.) we have no obligation to promote general welfare
c
One of the four key features of capitalism is favoritism. inequality. private property. cooperation
c
Our relationship with the law is best described by which of the following? A.) The law makes all immoral conduct illegal. B.) The law is a completely adequate guide to the moral standards that we should follow. C.) To a significant extent, law codifies a society's customs, norms, and moral values. D.) Violating the law is always immoral
c
The best statement to describe corporations is A.) Johnson & Johnson's handling of the Tylenol crisis of 1982 was a gross failure of corporate responsibility. B.) corporations don't need moral codes. C.) corporate culture can be both explicit and implicit. D.) corporate culture refers to the cultural activities sponsored by the company for its employees
c
The case of Griggs v. Duke Power Company A.) guaranteed employers the right of refusing to bargain with union representatives. B.) guaranteed the right to work and outlawed union shops. C.) prohibited tests with an unequal effect on minority groups that are not job related. D.) established the Food and Drug Administration
c
Those with a broader view concerning business obligations believe that with power comes A.) more money. B.) more power. C.) social responsibility. D.) too many limits
c
Utilitarians believe that A.) we can predict with certainty the future consequences of our actions. B.) knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are intrinsically valuable (or inherently good). C.) an action that leads to unhappiness is morally right if any other action that you could have performed instead would have brought about even more unhappiness. D.) an action can't be right if the people who are made happy by it are outnumbered by the people who are made unhappy by it
c
Utilitarians believe that A.) we can predict with certainty the future consequences of our actions. B.) knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are intrinsically valuable (or inherently good). C.) an action that leads to unhappiness is morally right if any other action that you could have performed instead would have brought about even more unhappiness. D.) an action can't be right if the people who are made happy by it are outnumbered by the people who are made unhappy by it.
c
When religion and morality are considered: atheists are likely to be less moral than religious people. in practice, people who share a religion will agree on all moral questions. the moral instructions of the world's great religions are often general and imprecise. most people act rightly only because their religion tells them to
c
Which of the following accurately reflects the concept of Marxism? A.) It is only within a capitalist economic system that workers are not alienated from the products of their labor. B.) Only workers who are poorly paid for their labor are alienated. C.) Labor is alienated in a capitalist economic system (in part) because the labor of a worker stands opposed to the worker as an autonomous power. D.) Within a capitalist economic system, the activity of labor is an end in itself and, as a result, has intrinsic value.
c
Which of the following considerations about utilitarism is correct? A.) Utilitarians believe that we can't compare one person's happiness with that of another. B.) Act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism consistently agree upon which actions are morally right. C.) Bentham was concerned with the quantity of pleasure that an action produces, not with distinctions based on the type of the pleasure. D.) The great 19th century utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, believed that pleasure and happiness were different things.
c
Which of the following contributed to the more relaxed incorporation procedures of modern times? A.) The thought that laissez-faire is a losing proposition.. B.) The idea that incorporation is a gift from the state. C.) The idea that incorporation is a by-product of the people's right to associate, not a gift from the state. D.) The move from mercantilist thinking to a belief in Benjamin Franklin's invisible hand
c
Which of the following is an accurate statement about modifications to common law from the Wagner Act of 1935? A.) More and more companies are moving toward "employment at will". B.) Courts at all levels and in all states now agree that employees cannot be dismissed without just cause. C.) It's illegal to fire workers because of union membership. D.) The civil liberties of employees have to be restricted for corporations to run efficiently.
c
Which of the following is true regarding utilitarian beliefs? Utilitarians contend that we can determine with certainty what the future consequences of our present actions will be. When choosing among possible actions, utilitarianism requires us to disregard our own happiness. Utilitarians wish to maximize happiness not simply immediately, but in the long run as well. For the hedonistic utilitarian, knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are inherently good
c
Which of the following statements is true regarding human rights? A.) Human rights are not natural but are always grounded in a specific legal or political system. B.) Human rights are transferable and thus "alienable". C.) Human rights are equal rights; if X is a human right, then everyone has this right. D.) Human rights rest on particular roles and special relationships.
c
Which statement is true from an ethical perspective? Strict liability is identical with absolute liability. The argument for due care is basically Kantian. The argument for strict liability is basically utilitarian. The concept of due care is identical with that of caveat emptor.
c
A practical basis for discussing moral issues involves taking account of A.) compliance, contribution, and consequences. B.) compassion, intellect, and patience. C.) effort, duties, and organization. D.) effects, ideals, and obligations
d
A tangible truth about having moral principles is A.) morally responsible companies are rarely among the most profitable. B.) business is fundamentally an amoral activity. C.) moral behavior always pays off in strictly selfish terms. D.) if you do the right thing only because you think it will pay off, you're not really motivated by moral concerns
d
According to Mill's utilitarianism A.) there are no moral rights. B.) rights are certain moral rules, the observance of which is of the utmost importance for the long-run, overall maximization of happiness. C.) rights are those rules that a majority of the society would agree to behind the "veil of ignorance." D.) the rights possessed by human beings remain unchanged for all times and places
d
Choose the factual precept concerning wages: A.) an employer's financial capabilities are irrelevant to the question of fair wages B.) a fair wage is whatever an employee is willing to accept C.) extrinsic, non-job-related considerations are often relevant to setting fair wages D.) a fair wage presupposes a fair work contract
d
Corporations are limited-liability companies which means that A.) corporations must be "publicly held" and thus traded on the stock market. b.) corporations are always for-profit but that profit can be limited but often is not in reality. c.) corporate shareholders are immediately entitled to any profits or the company is liable. D.) corporate shareholders are liable for corporate debts only up to the extent of their investments
d
Externalities are a blessing in disguise in inflationary times. always positive, never negative. unintended side-effects. an inevitable by-product of social responsibility.
d
Fair personnel policies and decisions must be based on criteria that are clear, job related, and A.) minimize nepotism. B.) partial toward friends. C.) ignore personality. D.) equally applied
d
From John Stuart Mill's viewpoint, A.) philosophical concern with justice began in the 19th century. B.) justice is a moral standard independent of the principle of utility. C.) questions of morality form a subset of questions of justice. D.) only the utilitarian standard can best resolve conflicts between competing principles of justice.
d
In 1972 Congress created one of the most important agencies for regulating product safety. This agency is the Federal Drug Administration Agency. Securities and Exchange Commission. Fair Packaging and Labeling Commission. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
d
In contrast to traditional manufacturers, many companies have become hollow corporations who A.) increase their manufacturing operations in the U.S. B.) make nearly all crucial parts. C.) prefer their own production base and not a network of small operators both foreign and domestic. D.) outsource and likely produce only the package and the label .
d
In contrast to traditional manufacturers, many companies have become hollow corporations who prefer their own production base and not a network of small operators both foreign and domestic. increase their manufacturing operations in the U.S. make nearly all crucial parts. outsource and likely produce only the package and the label
d
In deciding whether an ad is deceptive, today the FTC basically follows the reasonable consumer standard. none of the above. the gullible consumer standard. the "modified" gullible-consumer standard
d
In the corporate world, the board of directors will A.) hire and fire people for key management positions. B.) be there just for show. C.) write the policies and procedures. D.) rubber stamp the policies and recommendations of the management.
d
In the interview process, the interview should avoid rudeness, coarseness, condescension, and A.) sternness. B.) questions. C.) giddiness. D.) hostility.
d
Karl Marx believed that industrialization does away with alienation. capitalism no longer exploits workers. under capitalism workers are alienated in several ways. workers are alienated from their products, but not from themselves or other people.
d
Many utilitarians would argue that A.) social utility is irrelevant to issues of justice. B.) there is already sufficiently equal distribution of income. C.) the free trade and laissez-faire view of Adam Smith best promote the total social good. D.) increased worker participation in industrial life is beneficial.
d
Momentum for the corporate organization of business really gained momentum after which war? A.) Revolutionary War B.) World War I C.) French and Indian War D.) Civil War
d
People generally speak of two kinds of warranties. What are these two kinds of warranties? positive and negative limited and unlimited legal and moral express and implied
d
Tests are designed to measure the applicants's skills in verbal, quantitative, and A.) likeability. B.) social graces. C.) quickness. D.) logic.
d
The benefits within moral standards are best seen in which statement? A.) People who are exclusively concerned with their own interests tend to have happier and more satisfying lives than those whose desires extend beyond themselves. B.) Professional codes of ethics provide a complete and reliable guide to one's moral obligations. C.) There is a complete list of adequacy criteria for moral judgments that philosophers all agree on. D.) Professional codes are the rules that are supposed to govern the conduct of members of a given profession
d
The benefits within moral standards are best seen in which statement? People who are exclusively concerned with their own interests tend to have happier and more satisfying lives than those whose desires extend beyond themselves. There is a complete list of adequacy criteria for moral judgments that philosophers all agree on. Professional codes of ethics provide a complete and reliable guide to one's moral obligations. Professional codes are the rules that are supposed to govern the conduct of members of a given profession
d
The consumer's main source of product information is testimonials of other customers. word of mouth. billboards. the label and package.
d
The difference principle of Rawls includes A.) we are all created equal. B.) we all deserve the same. C.) some do deserve more than others. D.) individuals are justified by working for the benefit of the least advantaged
d
The only accurate statement about consequentalism is: A.) Utilitarianism is a nonconsequentialist ethical theory. B.) Utilitarianism is an egoistic normative theory. C.) Nonconsequentialists deny that consequences have any moral significance. D.) Consequentialism says that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results
d
The profit motive is a fundamental feature of all societies. must be checked by competition if society is to benefit. is basically immoral. is no longer a key feature of capitalism
d
The statement that best defines rights is a negative right is a right to receive certain benefits. all moral rights are human rights. all moral rights are legal rights. a right is an entitlement to act or to have others act in a certain way
d
The terms "best, finest, and most" are examples of truth in advertising. psychological appeals. trust building statements. puffery.
d
The veil of ignorance proposes that A.) agreement is difficult to attain. B.) people are fully knowledgeable about themselves or situation allowing them to have a partial or biased point of view. C.) one group would be supportive of another group benefiting even though the rules are different. D.) those in the original position are supposed to choose principles on the basis of self-interest, agreement seems unlikely.
d
Though many jobs are outsourced, most economists believe A.) Mexico is the place to work. B.) manufacturing will make a comeback. C.) the United States is in trouble. D.) the economy will create new jobs.
d
Unions employ two kinds of boycotts to enforce their demands. These two kinds of boycotts are A.) active and passive. B.) corporate and private. C.) positive and negative. D.) primary and secondary
d
Which of the following accurately reflects the concept of Marxism? It is only within a capitalist economic system that workers are not alienated from the products of their labor. Only workers who are poorly paid for their labor are alienated. Within a capitalist economic system, the activity of labor is an end in itself and, as a result, has intrinsic value. Labor is alienated in a capitalist economic system (in part) because the labor of a worker stands opposed to the worker as an autonomous power.
d
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes moral standards from other sorts of standards? moral standards must be set or validated by some authoritative body moral standards cannot be justified by reasons moral standards are purely optional moral standards take priority over other standards, including self-interest
d
Which of the following is a correct statement about union activities? A.) The 1947 Taft-Hartley Act forbids individual states from outlawing union shops. B.) Labor historians generally consider the American Federation of Labor (AFL) the first truly national trade union. C.) A corporate campaign occurs when people refuse to patronize companies that handle products of struck companies. D.) A sympathetic strike occurs when workers who have no particular grievance of their own and who may or may not have the same employer decide to strike in support of others.
d
Which of the following is an accurate statement? A.) Adam Smith defends capitalism by appealing to the idea of a natural, moral right to property. B.) Adam Smith denies that human beings are, by nature, acquisitive creatures. C.) Utilitarian's oppose capitalism in principle. D.) common defense of capitalism is the argument that people have a fundamental moral right to property and that our capitalist system is simply the outcome of this natural right
d
Which of the following is true regarding Immanuel Kant's beliefs? A.) He believed that all duties are prima facie duties. B.) He defended a consequentialist theory of right and wrong. C.) He believed that moral principles rest on empirical data, on observation and experiment. D.) He believed that reason by itself can reveal the basic principles of morality
d
Which of the following is true regarding utilitarian beliefs? A.) When choosing among possible actions, utilitarianism requires us to disregard our own happiness. B.) Utilitarians contend that we can determine with certainty what the future consequences of our present actions will be. C.) For the hedonistic utilitarian, knowledge, friendship, and aesthetic satisfaction are inherently good. D.) Utilitarians wish to maximize happiness not simply immediately, but in the long run as well.
d
Which statement creates the best picture of capitalism? A.) Financial capitalism developed in the period immediately prior to the Renaissance. B.) Mercantile capitalism emerged in the United States in the period directly following the civil war. C.) Industrial capitalism is characterized by pools, trusts, holding companies and an interpenetration of banking, insurance and industrial interests. D.) In state welfare capitalism the government plays an active role in regulating economic activities in an effort to smooth out the boom-and-bust pattern of the business cycle.
d
Which statement is true concerning moral principles and self interests? A.) "Groupthink" is a positive and necessary characteristic of all groups. B.) Philosophers agree that morality is based on the commands of God. C.) Statutes are laws applied in the English-speaking world before there were any common laws. D.) Morality serves to restrain our purely self-interested desires so that we can all live together
d
A primary boycott occurs when people refuse to patronize companies that handle products of struck companies. True False
false
According to Marx, the best economic system would be one where the means of production and distribution are in the hands of the bourgeoisie. True False
false
An individual does not have to follow the code of one's profession. True False
false
During the Industrial Revolution, the Luddites blamed the rise of new technologies for the loss of their jobs and wanted to destroy it. True False
false
Egoists only do what they feel like doing. True False
false
Immanuel Kant believed that it is only when we act out of feeling or sentiment that our actions have moral worth. True False
false
In his essay "Social Responsibility and Economic Efficiency," Kenneth Arrow has argued that ethical behavior in the business world comes only at the expense of economic efficiency. True False
false
Manuel Velasquez claims that the corporate internal decision structure of a corporation shows that a corporation can have both intentions and intentionality. True False
false
Richard Brandt defends a form of act utilitarianism. True False
false
Robert Nozick uses the Wilt Chamberlain story to show the importance of economic re-distribution. True False
false
The paradox of hedonism (or the paradox of selfishness) is that people who are exclusively concerned with their own interests tend to have happier and more satisfying lives than those who are concerned about other people. True False
false
Things that are legal are always ethical. True False
false
Thou shall not think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing.
false
BLANK is when online content can be reproduced without loss of value and in such a way that the originator or holder of the information would not notice.
information
Net Blank is the idea that all content is able to equally flow freely on the internet.
neutrality
is used to refer to the vastness of reach, immediacy, and availability to individuals for interactivity in online communication.
scope
