Business Research Ch 16

Which of the following best expresses the value of using percentages in data presentation? A. Allows for relative comparisons B. Allows for mathematical manipulation of the values C. Focuses on the count of cases D. Provides for the calculation of marginals E. All of the above

A. Allows for relative comparisons

Consider the following array of values found in a stem-and-leaf display: 5 I 4 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9. Which of the following statements best reflects the meaning of this line? A. There are nine items in the data set whose first digit is five B. The numbers in the data set range from 4 to 9 C. The variance in the data set is 5 D. The mean of the data set is 5 E. The values in the display are 95, 85, 75, 65, and 45; 95 appears four times and 85 appears twice

A. There are nine items in the data set whose first digit is five

In a stem-and-leaf display, each piece of information on the stem is called a _____. A. leaf B. stem C. trunk D. flower E. root

A. leaf

Outliers are those data points that exceed _____ the interquartile range. A. +1 B. +1.5 C. +2 D. +2.5 E. +3

B. +1.5

What information is presented in a stem-and-leaf display? A. Percent B. Actual values C. Valid percent D. Cumulative percent E. Value labels

B. Actual values

What can a researcher determine through the use of cross-tabulations?

Cross-tabulation is a technique for comparing data from two or more categorical variables such as gender and brand preference. A researcher can determine whether a relationship exists between the two variables in the table.

Which of the following is an appropriate situation for the use of mapping? A. Identify competing business locations to identify location for a new store B. Identify the geographic location of target customer segments to plan promotions C. Identify the performance of call center employees by assess training effectiveness D. Identify specification accuracy of machines by factory location to assess maintenance routines. E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Tables should have which of the following characteristics? A. Rounded numbers for easy comparison B. Ordered numbers, largest to smallest C. Percentages to show proportionate relationships D. Conversion of numbers for a common comparison E. All of the above are correct

E. All of the above are correct

Explain why percentage decreases can never exceed 100%.

If a person attempts to calculate the percentage decrease but uses the lower figure as a base, the percentage that results will be incorrect. The higher figure should always be the denominator. For example, if a price is reduced from $1 to $.25, the decrease would be 75 divided by 100 or 75%.

In table design, titles should include ____. A. subject of the data B. message the researcher wants the reader to perceive C. unit of measure of the data D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

The introduction of a third variable in cross-tabulation can result in which of the following possibilities? A. Refined association between the two original variables B. No association between the two original variables C. No change in the initial pattern D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following statistics is resistant? A. Mean B. Standard deviation C. Variance D. Median E. All of the above

D. Median

Considering the various choices for displaying data, which one will include values for which no observations occurred? A. Pie chart B. Bar chart C. Heretical triangle D. Stem-and-leaf display E. Boxplot

D. Stem-and-leaf display

Which of the following display choices is most similar to the histogram? A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C. Boxplot D. Stem-and-leaf display E. Line graph

D. Stem-and-leaf display

The primary benefit of exploratory data analysis is its ability to be _____. A. conclusive B. exclusive C. discriminatory D. flexible E. inexpensive

D. flexible

Data points that exceed plus 1.5 the interquartile range are called _____. A. extremists B. outcasts C. errors D. outliers E. skewed data

D. outliers

In data analysis, a cell is created by ____. A. the creation of a stem in a stem-and-leaf display B. the count and percentage of a variable in a frequency table C. the bar in a Pareto diagram D. the overlap of two variables in crosstabulation E. None of the above

D. the overlap of two variables in crosstabulation

The horizontal axis on a histogram indicates the _____. A. number of observations in each interval B. midpoint for each interval C. variable of interest D. cumulative percent E. valid percent

B. midpoint for each interval

Cross-tabulations with more than two variables are called _____ tables. A. multivariate B. n-way C. kth D. CHAID E. nested

B. n-way

What oversight has occurred in the following example? The price is reduced by 400% because it was $1 and is now just 25 cents. A. use of too large percentages B. percentage decreases can not exceed 100% C. use of too small a base D. averaging percentages E. percentages cannot exceed 100%

B. percentage decreases can not exceed 100%

In table design, you don't round the data numbers when ____. A. the data represent currency B. you want the reader to see ratio relationships C. the data must be precise D. numbers are grouped by a control variable E. None of the above

C. the data must be precise

Reexpression of data on a new scale is called A. resistant statistics B. nonresistant statistics C. transformation D. cross-tabulation E. none of the above

C. transformation

Which type of graphical depiction of frequency values uses a circle shape divided into triangles such that each triangle represents the frequency value it represents? A. Histogram B. Pie chart C. Line graph D. Pareto diagram E. Stem-and-leaf display

B. Pie chart

When will the valid percent figure in a frequency table differ from the percent figure? A. When the cumulative percent exceeds 100% B. When there are missing cases C. When using replacement for missing values D. When the frequency exceeds 10 E. Valid percent and percent will always be the same

B. When there are missing cases

When are cross-tabulations called contingency tables? A. Anytime B. When used for statistical testing C. When used for display purposes D. When presented with percentages rather than raw counts E. When used to present data

B. When used for statistical testing

A _____ reduces the detail of the stem-and-leaf display and provides a different visual image of the distribution's location, spread, shape, and tail length. A. histogram B. box plot C. Pareto diagram D. frequency table E. geographic map

B. box plot

Which data display technique uses the five-number summary? A. Frequency table B. Pareto Diagram C. Box Plot D. Stem-and-leaf Display E. Pie Chart

C. Box Plot

Marginals are the totals of row and/or column variables in a: A. Piechart B. Barchart C. Cross-classification (cross-tabulation) table D. Frequency table.

C. Cross-classification (cross-tabulation) table

Which type of chart uses bars to represent data values such that each value occupies an equal amount of area within the enclosed area? A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C. Histogram D. Stem-and-leaf display E. Line chart

C. Histogram

In which of the following is a barchart arranged in increasing order by size? A. Control chart B. Simple bar chart C. Pareto diagram D. Histogram

C. Pareto diagram

Which type of display represents frequency data as a bar chart, ordered from most to least, overlayed with a line graph denoting the cumulative percentage at each variable level? A. Stem-and-leaf display B. Histogram C. Pareto diagram D. Pie chart E. Line graph

C. Pareto diagram

Boxplots are said to incorporate resistant statistics because: A. They are constructed with a five-number summary. B. Do not contain weak measures of central tendency like the median. C. Are based on a new type of dispersion statistics. D. Use whiskers to represent quartiles.

A. They are constructed with a five-number summary.

Which of the research questions/hypotheses below is best answered using cross-tabulations? A. What percentage of men and women prefer brand A over brand B? B. What percentage of residents shop at the local grocery store? C. Is brand loyalty related to brand image? D. What happens to sales when prices drop? E. Where do most of our consumers live?

A. What percentage of men and women prefer brand A over brand B?

Which of the following is most appropriately displayed with a frequency table? A. What percentage of people prefer Hunt's brand ketchup B. The relationship between gender and job performance C. How much explanatory value comes from the study's variables D. The home location of the most valuable customers E. The relative effectiveness of ads in newspapers verses ads in magazines

A. What percentage of people prefer Hunt's brand ketchup

Data analysis is _____ when the analytical process is guided by classical statistical inference in its use of significance and confidence. A. confirmatory B. descriptive C. exploratory D. conclusive E. forensic

A. confirmatory

The purpose of a control variable is to _____. A. help interpret the relationship between variables B. control for outliers C. provide a comparison for the results D. establish precision E. all of the above

A. help interpret the relationship between variables

The vertical axis on a histogram indicates the _____. A. number of observations in each interval B. midpoint for each interval C. variable of interest D. cumulative percent E. valid percent

A. number of observations in each interval

A stem-and-leaf display differs from a histogram in that a stem-and-leaf display _____. A. presents actual data values B. groups values into intervals C. represents data using bars or asterisks D. illustrates each interval with a color for visualization E. is appropriate for nominal data

A. presents actual data values

RFID data refers to data captured using _____. A. radio frequency identification chips B. infrared technology C. global positioning systems D. mapping E. optical mark recognition software

A. radio frequency identification chips

Which of the following best explains the meaning of the 80/20 rule? A. 80% of quality defects are caused by 20% of problems B. An 80% improvement in performance can be expected by eliminating 20% of the causes of poor performance C. 20% of sales are generated by 80% of customers D. The benefits of performance increases accrue to 20% of people E. All of the above are interpretations of the 80/20 rule

B. An 80% improvement in performance can be expected by eliminating 20% of the causes of poor performance

Hypothesis testing is conducting using _____ data analysis techniques. A. Exploratory B. Confirmatory C. Qualitative D. Quantitative E. Forensic

B. Confirmatory

Visual representations of data values are consistent with which form of data analysis? A. Confirmatory B. Exploratory C. Conclusive D. Descriptive E. Hypothesis-testing

B. Exploratory

The data partitioning procedure that can search up to 300 variables for the single best predictor of a dependent variable is called _____. A. cross-tabulation B. regression C. automatic interaction detection D. data mining E. factor analysis

C. automatic interaction detection

Data analysis is _____ when patterns in the collected data guide the data analysis or suggest revisions to the preliminary data analysis plan. A. confirmatory B. descriptive C. exploratory D. conclusive E. forensic

C. exploratory

All of the following are ingredients of box plots except _____. A. rectangular plot that encompasses 50% of the data values B. center line marking the median C. jagged line marking the mean D. box hinges E. whiskers that extend from the right and left hinges to the largest and smallest values

C. jagged line marking the mean

A tree-type frequency distribution that specifies each data value without equal interval grouping is called a _____. A. bar chart B. histogram C. stem-and-leaf displays D. pie chart E. line graph

C. stem-and-leaf displays

Measures that are resistant are _____. A. inappropriate for statistical analysis B. corrupted with measurement bias C. based on nominal scales D. able to resist influence of extreme values E. sensitive to localized data

D. able to resist influence of extreme values

Histograms can be used to display the _____ of a distribution. A. skewness B. kurtosis C. modal pattern D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

The _____ is used to test the statistical significance of the observed association in cross-tabulation. A. contingency coefficient B. Cramer's V C. phi coefficient D. chi-square coefficient E. Z score

D. chi-square coefficient

A statistical technique that describes two or more variables simultaneously and results in tables that reflect the joint distribution of two or more variables that have a limited number of categories or distinct values is a(n) _____. A. t test B. ANOVA C. factor analysis D. cross-tabulation E. regression

D. cross-tabulation

All of the following are sources of data that can be used in a Pareto diagram except _____. A. multiple-choice-single-response scales B. multiple-choice-multiple-response scales C. frequency counts of words D. dichotomous scales E. none of the above are sources of data used in Pareto diagrams

D. dichotomous scales

Which of the following statistics is nonresistant? A. Median B. Mode C. Range D. Quartiles E. Standard deviation

E. Standard deviation

In a _____ category codes are ordered from lowest value to highest value with columns for count, percent, valid percent, and cumulative percent. A. boxplot B. histogram C. stem-and-leaf diagram D. Pareto diagram E. frequency table

E. frequency table

All of the following are contained in a frequency table except _____. A. lowest value B. percent C. count D. cumulative percent E. quartile indicators

E. quartile indicators

What advantages do stem-and-leaf displays provide over histograms?

There are several advantages to using stem-and-leaf displays. The stem-and-leaf presents actual data values that can be inspected directly. It reveals the distribution of values within the interval and preserves their rank order for finding the median, quartiles, and other summary statistics. It also eases linking a specific observation back to the data file and to the subject that produced it. Stem-and-leaf displays are also easy to read visually.

Explain how to develop a stem-and-leaf display.

To develop a stem-and-leaf display, the first digits of each data item are arranged to the left of a vertical line. Next, we pass through the average annual purchases percentages in the order they were recorded and place the last digit for each item to the right of the vertical line. The digit to the right of the decimal point is ignored. The last digit for each item is placed on the horizontal row corresponding to its first digit. Then the digits are rank-ordered in each row, creating the stem-and-leaf display.