OCC 511 quiz 1/midterm 1
single word utterances at age
10-13 months
babies usually start walking at
10-18 months
children combine words to form sentences at
27-30 months
REM
28 weeks gestation REM and NREM emerges essential for neurosensory development
intentional behavior
3-8 months learning leads to this. Although communication is not always clear. Must still be interpreted by caregiver.
sentence embedding
35-40 months (3 years old)
infant in weeks
37 weeks or more less than 37 is premature
what are risky times for the fetus?
8-24 weeks
fetal grows from
8-40 weeks
life course theory
:multidisciplinary paradigm for the study of people's lives structural contexts, and social change. Four central principles to the theory: -Human development occurs over changing times and places -Human life occurs within a specific point in time -There is interplay between human development and social phenomena -Elder views choice as a parameter that affects lifelong development.
Level or narrative: community
communal stories of a group of people. Can be reshaped over time
conjoining sentences
final stage of language mastery 41-46 months children use connectors like "and" and "if" complete sentences
neonatal period
first 4 weeks after birth
ICF
focuses on universality lays groundwork for what matters during practice greater sense of perceived well being and being able to actively participate in their chosen activities
suckling
for the first few months, more rapid
neuroprotective interventions
graded, gentle touch neutral thermal environment STS holding slow change in infants position olfactory and gustatory- sensitive to smell auditory and visual
individualized developmental care model (Als)
helps develop experiences for baby to help develop neural behavior infant characteristics and impact of environment
occupational story making
how OT engage people in desired occupations and experience their potential to participate in desired activities to recreate their life story to imagine new possibilities
cultural congruence
how health professional think and act in wars that fit with a persons cultural style.
Type of illness narrative: restitution:
how medicine has resolved their problems to return them to health
neck righting
if baby's head is rotated , the entire body will follow. comes before segmental
Level of narrative: personal
individual experience, social interaction, and place
cultural proficiency
interchangeable meaning with cultural competence but preferred because it reflects understanding culture as a process rather than skill
back to sleep protocol
lay baby on back so they dont suffocate must elevate 45 degrees and strap if they spit up too much may cause flat head
occupational deprivation
limits individual's opportunity to participate with occupations
scaffolding
making synapse connections
OT in NICU
massage and rocking therapy for older stable infants not for those 23-25 weeks gestation #1 profession in NICU babies normally hypotonic
Level of narrative: dominant cultural
master narratives of different groups of people. stereotypes that characterize a group
semantics
meaning
hierarchical model
suggests that as the CNS matures, the behavior displayed represents the function of that level. Many motor maturational theorists like McGraw hoped to prove specific motor behaviors and reflexes tied to functions of certain levels of the CNS hierarchy. 1st: Language development supported McGraw's theory 2nd: Nobel prize winning studies of visual development supported McGraw's theory Genes direct brain growth, which directs brain function, thereby ultimately directing behavior.
OT practice framework
summary of interrelated constructs that define and guide OT practice
tonic labyrinthine
supine position has more extension, prone has more flexion. abnormal tone causes head lag
Family as healing environment
support parents contact STS, at least one hour due to sleep cycles assist parental competence in specific skills learn parents view support breast feeding
neuroplasticity
the ability of the human brain to change as a result of one's experience, that the brain is "plastic" and "malleable" and the structural and functional changes in the brain are driven by environmental experience.
One of the first organs to form is
the heart
proxemics
the measurable distance between people as they interact. the use of touch and space touch is our first medium of communication
sensory deprivation model
theorized limited infant experience techniques for increased stimulation tactile, kinesthetic, and vestibular stimulation are emphasized
is there is developmental delay that suggests
there are delays across all domains
labyrinthine righting
tilt them slightly to one side and they will resist and try to shift their bodies straight
OT process
to examine and evaluate the transaction between the client, environment, and activities the client engages to collaboratively and effectively choose an intervention that supports clients lifestyle.
first sensory system developed is
touch/tactile
folk practice
traditional home remedies such as coin rubbing or cupping. folk healer is looked to for traditional practices or rituals
rooting
turn to stimulus when you stroke their cheek
language disorder
type of impairment that includes a problem with the comprehension or production of the language components morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics that INTERFERE WITH FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION
aphasia
type of language disorder due to brain damage or disease resulting in difficulty in formulating, expressing, or understanding language
cultural fluidity
understanding how cultural differences manifest in every day occupations allowing individuals to consider their own primary culture as reference point for understanding new values and beliefs
client centered practice
understanding patients beliefs, values, and dreams in order to develop meaningful interventions
culture
values, beliefs, languages, norms, communication of group of people from generation to generation
neural tube closes when?
week 6-7 folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects
moro
when you put a baby down, their hands go out and they cry
asymmetrical tonic neck
when you turn on way, and you extend towards that direction
syntax
word order
pre intentional behavior
0-3 months of age communicate through behavior is not under control but reflects their state and caregiver interprets babys movement, expression, or sound
levels of normal neurological function
1- deep sleep 2-active or REM sleep 3-sleep to wake 4- quiet alert 5- active alert 6-crying number 4 is most desirable
Reductionist Vs. Nonreductionist
Reductionist theory: behavior is the sum of a number of smaller behaviors Nonreductionist theory: behavior as a total that CANNOT be broken into smaller parts.
Piaget's Theory
Assimilation: process of changing elements of environment so they can be incorporated into the organism's structure. Accomodation: changing of function in accordance with environment. Ex: as a child learns, she might call a cow a "big dog." Schema: class of similar sequences of action
Dewey's Theory (Dewey = Doing; you learn by DOING)
Development could be directed & that education had the responsibility to shape children's intellectual development toward desired goal. He believed that school was the instrument of social progress & the most significant outcome is GROWTH! Child centered approach
Gesell's Theory- developmental milestones is as follows:
Development proceeds in a cephalocaudal direction: infant gains control of the head, shoulders, down the spine, & then lower legs. Development proceeds proximal to distal: infant gain control of shoulder & hip before hand & foot. Developmental proceeds medial to lateral: in the hand, development of grasp moves from ulnar (medial) to radial (lateral). Development proceeds up against gravity- infants progress from completely prone to prone on elbows, then supported by hands, then supported by all 4 limbs to stand/walk. - these are the Laws of developmental direction , Maturational Theory *** important just not there yet their development just needs time
McGraw's Theory (McGraw = GROW)
Environment has a greater influence and could change the influence of developing structures. There's a biologic explanation of development: critical period & sensitive period Critical period: limited time in which developmental event can occur. Most receptive to learning here. If you don't learn to do something at a particular age you may never learn to do it at all Sensitive period: kids are especially receptive to specific types of environmental stimuli.
Vygotsky's Theory (Vygotsky = VygotSKI / skiing)
Evaluate what is significant in the culture in which child is living. Zone of proximal development (ZPD): child's being nearly prepared to comprehend a fact or perform a task with minimum support. A psychologist named Valsiner expanded Vgotsky's concepts into 2 zones. Zone of free movement: all resources available to children in an environment Zone of promoted action- actions that are promoted by caregivers.
full term and pre term
FT tone- physiologic flexion is normal PT- hypotonic but not abnormal dont change the tone, increase functional strength
brain stem is responsible for
HR and breathing
NICU levels
Level 1 level 2- some ventilative support Cpap level 3- highest level of care for premature
Organismic Vs. Mechanist
Mechanist model: human beings react to the environment, so the environment rather than the person initiates a behavior. Organismic theory: It's unstable, non reductionist, & qualitative Changing environment circumstances by virtue
Qualitative Versus Quantitative
Qualitative theory: individuals are different from one another based on quality or characteristic. Qualitative theories presents behavior as developing in sequential stages. Quantitative theory: sees development as primarily the acquisition of skills.
Sensory-Perceptual Function
Perceptions of 2 schools: nativist school & empiricist school. Nativist school: genetic predisposition & innate abilities explained perception Empiricist school: formation of associations between various sensations is the foundation of perception Gestalt psych: perception cannot be reduced to parts, but rather, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. "Best fit" perception in the fact of inadequate sensory data.
Three level of narratives
Personal, community and dominant cultural
Temperament Theories
Personality represents emotional & behavioral characteristics of a person. Temperament: refers to a predisposition of response. Theories of temperament came from Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess (see table below).
Kohlberg's Theory
Preconventional (kids aged 4-10): rules are obeyed based on an understanding of rewards & punishments. Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment Conventional (preadolescents): rules are obeyed to preserve status in society as good/responsible ppl. In stage 3, they obey rules to maintain the respect of others; in stage 4, they do so to conform to society's rules Postconventional: morale principles which individuals subscribe are seen as transcending that dictates societal structure. In stage 5, they operate on social concept, which is an understanding of generally agreed rights. Stage 6, is adherence to rules of conscience & self-chosen ethical principles.
Erikson's Theory
Psychosocial development to cover the lifespan. He viewed development as a series of conflicts that must be resolved. It can be resolved either positive or negative mode
Three types of illness narratives
Restitution chaos quest
Stability Vs. Instability
Stability: rules for anticipating behavior are consistent across the lifespan. Unstable: different rules apply @ different points in a person's life; therefore one must know the applicable set of rules before predication.
egalitarianism
equal rights of all
evil eye
someone can project harm by gazing or staring
Frame of reference
Theoretical organizes approach to client management Support identification strategies, interventions, goals, dc planning, advocacy, community engagement
disability stories
a person is not their diagnosis ask what is important to the pt Learn about the person vs their impairment
phonology
sound
morphology
structure
Narrative and stories are
about someone trying to do something and what happens to themselves and others as a result
occupational performance
accomplishment of the selected occupation resulting from the relevance of client, context, environment, and activity
Purpose of OT intervention
achieve the end goal of supporting health and participation in life through engagement in occupations.
biomedical model
allopathic medicine scientific knowledge that attributes health and illness to physiological, biological, and scientifically explainable changes in ones body.
inflections
alterations to words that change its meaning Change in the form of word to express grammatical function or attribute such s tense, mood, person...
meconium
aspirate fecal matter
low touch societies
avoid touch
peripeteia
sudden reversal of fortune or change in circumstances. especially in reference to fictional narratice
tonic bite reflex
baby will bite down and not open
grasp
baby will grasp what is in their palm plantar reflex on foot
OT leans on which view of disability
biopsychosocial model
infancy period
birth to 12 months
what is the most significant influences on brain and personality during the first three years of life?
caregiving relationships
bilirubin
causes jaundice
phasic
chewing with gums
model of human occupation
clients culture and impact of occupational choice
neurologic development is considered to be a
critical time period 6-8 weeks
cultural emergent
cultural identity emerge in interaction and are displayed primarily through talk and action.
discrimination
denies equal treatment
Freudian Theory (from Sigmund Freud)
destructive & loving instincts. id, ego, & superego. Id: most basic instincts & drives. Ego: intellectual activities & logical thoughts. Superego: conscience & awareness of right & wrong. Oral stage: In infancy, concerned w/ feeding & oral exploration. Anal stage: toilet training & concerned w/ gratification & development of control. Phallic stage: Early exploration of genitals & awareness of sexual differences.
four metaphors of prejudice
difference as a threat difference as dislike for the unknown difference as competition hierarchy
diverse
distinct forms and qualities
First year of life
early infancy- birth to 3 mo middle infancy- 4 to 6 mo late infancy- 7 to 9 mo infancy transition- 10 to 12 mo
high touch societies
more comfortable with touch as a means of communication
collectivist societies
more value on family as a unit
Bowlby's Theory (Bowlby = BABIES)
most difficult to achieve is attachment if you (baby's) never had one. Multiple caregivers = hard to develop attachment Securely attached kids use mommy as a "home base." They get upset when mommy leaves & happy to see when she returns. Avoidant children do not seek initial proximity to mom & avoids when she returns. Ambivalent kids may have decreased exploratory behavior in the mother's presence, are distressed when she leaves, & when she returns, they want to be comforted & aggressive towards mom.
speech apraxia
motor control disorder that impairs speech production
Norms vs values
norms: going to school values: go to college
language impairment
ny difference or limitation in the comprehension or production of language that results in a difference in communication BUT DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH IT
development of syntax
occurs at 31-34 months start developing questions and imperatives
stereotyping
one attributes certain characteristics to an entire group of people in disregard to the individual
culturally responsive caring
open to the process of building mutuality with a client and to accepting that the cultural knowledge one has about a group may or may not apply to the client
Listening to clients allows
opportunity to see, feel and hear differently
cultural humility
opposite of ethnocentrism Open to another's culture. Continually engage in self reflection and critique as life long learners.
Type of illness narrative: chaos
out of control with no solutions in sight
Type of illness narrative: quest:
personal transformation when confronting illness
Prejudice
preconceived ideas and attitudes about a group of people without looking at facts
ethnocentrism
putting their own group at the center and uses their culture as a standard to judge others
dynamical systems theory
refers to self organization of complex particles. Recently been used to explain human development at a constant, fluid, emergent or nonlinear, and multidetermined. Variable interactions through complex systems and behavior is emergent
current intervention models in infancy
relationship based developmentally supportive care neuroprotective care trauma informed care
Master Narratives
represent the values of a culture that reflect the power of dominant members of society and their prejudices may become stereotypes that suppress individuality and convey negative attitudes
dysarthria
results from paralysis, weakness, or lack of coordination of the muscles required for speech
moralistic orientation
right vs wrong
pragmatics
rules
cultural awareness
scientific orientation:causes for everything progress and change: constant change materialism: western culture is very materialistic. Measures success by what we have individualism: Ethical sense of autonomy Recognition that there are other ways of viewing the same scenario
narrative as an interpretive process
selecting aspects of a past experience and representing that experience to others in the present
individualistic societies
self expression, personal choice, autonomy, independence
cultural competence
set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, policies coming together in a system enabling effective work
