BYU Music 101 - Exam 2

cantata

"something sung" in its mature state it consists of several movements including one or more arias, ariosos, and recitatives; cantatas can be on secular subjects and intended for private performance or on religious subjects such s those of J.S. Bach for the German Lutheran church.

orchestra

(symphony orchestra) the large instrumental ensemble that plays symphonies, overtures, concertos, and the like

Haydn

100% patronage system 104 symphonies best known for string quartet

enlightenment

18th century period in philosophy and letters during which thinkers gave free rein to the pursuit of truth and the discovery of natural laws.

Mozart

50/50 patronage 40 symphonies number of masses LOTS OF OPERA, BEST known for opera

The Art of Fugue

Bach's last project, an encyclopedic treatment of al known contrapuntal procedures, set forth in nineteen canons and fugues

Prosaic

It valued in all the arts the virtues of good prose writing: clarity, animation, good taste, proportion, and elegance

Cosmopolitan

National differences were minimized in comparison with the common humanity of men.

Popularization of Art

Public concerts designed for mixed audiences began to rival the older private concerts. Music of the Enlightenment was supposed to meet the listener on his own ground, and not compel him to make an anxious effort to understand what was going on; it must please (by agreeable sounds and rational structure) and move (by imitating feelings), but not too often astonish (by excessive' elaboration) and never puzzle (by too great complexity).

Humanitarian

Rulers not only patronized arts and letters but also busied themselves with programs of social reform.

relative major

The major key in a pair of major dn minor keys; realtime keys have the same key signature , for example, E(flat) major and C minor (both with three flats)

walking bass

a bass line that moves at a moderate pace, mostly in equal note values, and often stepwise up or down the scale

chamber cantata

a cantata performed before a select audience in a private residence; intimate vocal chamber music, principally of the baroque era

dance suite

a collection of instrumental danes, each with its own distinctive rhythm and character

fugue

a composition for three, four, or five parts played or sung by voices or instruments; begins with a presentation of a subject in imitation in each part and continues with modulating passages of free counterpoint and further appearances of the subject

canon (of Western music)

a core repertoire, or the "chestnuts" of classical music performed at concerts continually since the 18th century

sonata-allegro form

a dramatic musical form that originated in the classical period involving an exposition, development and recapitulation, with optional introduction and coda

opera

a dramatic work in which the actors sing some or all of their parts; it usually makes use of elaborate stage sets and costumes

double exposition form

a form, originating in the concerto of the classical period, in which first the orchestra and then the soloist present the primary thematic material

monody

a general term connoting solo singing accompanied by a basso continuo in the early Baroque period

symphony

a genre of instrumental music for orchestra consisting of several movements; also the orchestral ensemble that plays the genre

opera seria

a genre of opera that dominated the stage during the baroque era, making use of serious historical or mythological subject, da capo arias, and lengthy overtures

comic opera

a genre of opera that originated in the 18th century portraying everyday characters and situations, using spoken dialogue and simple songs

concertino

a group of instruments that function as soloists in a concerto grosso

oratorio

a large-scale genre of sacred music involving an overture, arias, recitatives, and chorusses, but sung, whether in a theater or a church, without costumes or scenery

minuet

a moderate dance in 3/4 though actually danced in patterns of six steps, with no upbeat but with highly symmetical phrasing

basso ostinato

a motive or phrase in the bass that is repeated again and again

concerto grosso

a multi-movement concerto of the baroque era that pits the sound of a small group of soloists (the concertino) against that of the full orchestra (the tutti)

theme and variations

a musical form in which a theme continually returns but is varied by changing the notes of the melody, the harmony, the rhythm, or some other feature of the music

pedal point

a note, usually in the bass, sustained or continually repeated for a period of time while the harmonies change around it

toccata

a one-movement composition, free in form, originally for solo keyboard but later for instrumental ensemble as well

episode

a passage of free, nonimitative counterpoint found in a fugue

Alberti bass

a pattern of accompaniment whereby, instead of having the pitches of a chord sound all together, the notes are played in succession to provide a continual stream of sound

fugato

a short fugue set in some other musical form, such as sonata-allegro or theme and variations

cadenza

a showy passage for the soloist appearing near the end of the movement in a concerto; usually incorporates rapid runs, arpeggios, and snippets of previously heard themes into a fantasy like improvisation

basso continuo

a small ensemble of at least two instrumentalists who provide a foundation for the melody or melodies above; heard almost exclusively in baroque music

string quartet

a standard instrumental ensemble for chamber music consisting of a single first and second violin a viola, and a cello; also the genre of music usually in three or four movements, composed for this ensemble.

arioso

a style of singing and a type of song midway between an aria and a recitative

terraced dynamics

a term used to describe the sharp, abrupt dynamic contrasts found ini the music of the baroque era

libretto

a text of an opera

ternary (ABA) form

a three part musical form in which the third section is a repeat of the first; hence ABA

diminished chord

a triad or seventh chord made up entirely of minor thirds and producing a tense, unstable sound

cornetto

a woodwind instrument, developed during the late middle ages and early renaissance, that sounds like a hybrid of a clarinet and trumpet

solo sonata

a work usually in three or four movements for keyboard or other solo instrument; when a solo melodic instrument played a sonata in the baroque era, it was supported by the basso continuo

aria

an elaborate lyrical song for solo voice

trio sonata

an ensemble of the baroque period consisting actually of four performers, two playing upper parts and two of the basso continuo instruments

trio

an ensemble, vocal or instrumental, with three performers; also a brief, self contained composition contrasting with a previous piece, such as a minuet or mazurka; originally, the trio was performed by only three instruments

Kochel (K) number

an identifying number assigned to each of the works of Mozart in roughly chronological order, by Ludwig von Kochel.

concerto

an instrumental genre in which one or more soloists play with and against a larger orchestra

serenade

an instrumental work for a small ensemble originally intended as a light entertainment in the evening

prelude

an intro, improvisatory-like movement that gives the performer a chance to warm up and sets the stage of a more substantive subsequent movement

overture

an introductory movement, usually for orchestra that precedes an opera, oratorio, or dance suite

French overture

an overture style developed by Jean-Baptiste Lully with two sections, the first slow in duple meter with dotted note values, the second fast in triple meter and with light imitation; the first section can be repeated after the second

pastoral aria

aria with several distinctive musical characteristics all of which suggest pastoral scenes and the movement of simple shepherds attending the Christ Child.

Bach

cantata

rondo

classical form with at least threes statements of the refrain (A) and at least two contrasting sections (at least B and C); placement of the refrain rates symmetrical patterns such as ABACA, ABACABA,or even ABACADA

solo concerto

concerto in which an orchestra and a single performer in turn present and develop the musical material in the spirit of harmonious competition

doctrine of affections

early seventeen century aesthetic theory that held that different musical moods could and should be used to influence the motions or affections of the listener

ritornello form

form in a baroque concerto grosso in which all or part of the main theme - the ritornello (italian for "return or refrain") returns again and again, invariably played by the tutti (full orchestra)

Freemasons

fraternity of the Enlightenment who believed in tolerance and universal brotherhood

Singspiel

german for "singing play" a musical comedy originating in germany with spoken dialogue, tuneful songs, and topical humor

Viennese School

group of classical composers, including Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert, whose careers all unfolded in Vienna

exposition

in a fugue, the opening section in which each voice in turn has the opportunity to present the subject; in sonata-allegro form, the principal section, in which all thematic material is presented

figured bass

in musical notation, a numerical shorthand that tells the player which unwritten notes to fill in above the written bass note

vocal ensemble

in opera, a group f four or more solo singers, usually the principals

recapitulation

in sonata-allegro form, the return to the first theme and the tonic key following the development

transition (bridge)

in sonata-allegro form, the unstable section in which the tonality changes from tonic to dominant in preparation for the appearance of the second theme

tutti

italian for "all" the full orchestra or full performing force

opera buffa

italian for "comic opera" a genre of opera featuring light, often domestic subjects with tuneful melodies, comic situations and happy endings

coda

italian for "tail" a final and concluding section of a musical compostion

sinfonia

italian for symphony one movement orchestral work that originated in italy in the 17th century

ostinato

italian of obstinate a musical figure, motive, melody, harmony, or rhythm that is repeated again and again

Salzburg

mountain town in Austria, birth place of Mozart

chamber music

music, usually instrumental music, performed in a small concert hall or private residence with just one performer on each part

idiomatic writing

musical composition that exploits the strengths and avoids the weaknesses of particular voices and instruments

recitative

musically heightened speech, often used in an opera, oratorio, or cantata to report dramatic action and advance the plot

Beethoven

no patronage (maybe a little, but he hated it) 9 symphonies (some classical some romantic) best known for symphonies

Monteverdi

opera

Handel

oratorio

sonata

originally "something sounded" on an instrument as opposed to something sung (a cantata); later, a multi-movement work for solo instrument, or instrument with keyboard accompaniment

simple recitative

recitative accompanied only by a basso continuo or a harpsichord, and not the full orchestra

church cantata

see cantata

chamber sonata

sonata de camera a suite for keyboard or small instrumental ensemble made up of individual dance movements

baroque

term used to describe the arts generally during the period 1600-1750 and signifying excess and extravagance

da capo form

ternary (ABA) form for an aria, so called because the performers when reaching the end of B "take it from the head" and repeat A

London Symphonies

the 12 symphonies composed by Joseph Haydn for performance in London between 1791 and 1795; Haydn's last twelve symphonies (#93-104)

ground bass

the English term for basso ostinato

development

the centermost portion of sonata-allegro form, in which the thematic material of the exposition is developed and extended, transformed, or reduced to its essence; often the most confrontational and unstable section of the movement

retransition

the end of the development section where the tonality often becomes stabilized on the dominant in preparation for the return of the tonic (and first theme) at the beginning of the recapitulation

chorale

the german word for the hymn of the lutheran church; hence a simple religious melody to be sung by the congregation

finale

the last movement of a multi movement composition, one that usually works to a climax and conclusion

antecedent phrase

the opening, incomplete-sounding phrase of a melody; often followed by a consequent phrase that brings the melody to closure

pianoforte

the regional name for the piano

melodic sequence

the reputation of a musical motive at successively higher or lower degrees of the scale

Esterhazy family

the richest and most influential among the german speaking aristocrats of the 18th century Hungary, with extensive landholdings southeast of Vienna and a passionate interest in music; patrons of Haydn

consequent phrase

the second phrase of a two part melodic unit that brings a melody to a point of repose and closure

subject

the term for the principal theme in a fugue

genre

type of music; specifically the quality of musical style, form, performing medium, and place of performance that characterize any one type of music