BZ220 final exam

A population of black tip reef sharks have a variety of weights. The average weight of the population is 13 kg. When breeding season comes, not all individuals reproduce successfully - of those that do, the average weight is 11.6 kg. Scientists have determined that weight is heritable in black tip reef sharks, and estimated heritability to be 0.73. What is the strength of selection? -1.9 -1.4 1.9 1.4 0.52

-1.4

Pathogens will always evolve to be less virulent.

False

Sexual selection often works against natural selection to produce traits that decrease the overall fitness of the organism. True False

False

Viruses can evolve outside of a host.

False

Which of the following is an example of female choice? Females choose mates at random. A sneaker male fish quickly sprays his sperm over the eggs of a female while she is copulating with another male. Female gray treefrogs choose males with long call durations because it is associated with increased foraging capabilities. Female allows reproduction to occur without allowing her own offspring to reproduce.

Female gray treefrogs choose males with long call durations because it is associated with increased foraging capabilities.

According to runaway selection, females will mate with males that are attractive to other females. This situation arises because: Female offspring's mating preference is not correlated (i.e., shows no relationship) with their mother's mating preference, while male offspring inherit their father's phenotype. Female offspring inherit their mother's mating preference, while male offspring inherit their father's phenotype. Female offspring inherit their father's mating preference, while male offspring inherit their father's phenotype. Female offspring inherit their mother's mating preference, while the male offsprings' phenotype is not correlated with their father's phenotype.

Female offspring inherit their mother's mating preference, while male offspring inherit their father's phenotype.

Male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) exhibit variation in the quality of their songs. A scientist hypothesizes that song quality is under sexual selection such that female song sparrows prefer to mate with males that sing high quality songs. To test this hypothesis the scientist plays 4-minute song recordings of three male song sparrows to females. Male 1 sings moderate quality songs, Male 2 sings low quality songs, and Male 3 sings high quality songs. Which of the following findings would most strongly support the scientist's hypothesis?

Females positively respond to the song of male 3 > response to the song of male 1 > response to the song of male 2.

Georges Cuvier

First person to show that extinctions occur.

Heavy rainfall can result in flash floods that kill up to 90% of aquatic insects. During heavy rainfall the giant water bug Abedus herberti travels away from streams. This behavior reduces the mortality caused by flash floods of Abedus herberti to 15%. An examination of other species closely related to Abedus herberti that inhabit regions without flash floods reveals that they use heavy rainfall as a signal to move temporarily out of the river to search for food. Which of the following statements is most strongly supported by these observations?

Flash flood avoidance is an exaptation in Abedus herberti because it increases fitness, but evolved in their ancestors in response to a different selective pressure.

A zoo has a group of Red Kangaroos that were taken directly from the Australian wilderness 20 years ago. This group started with 10 kangaroos. Eight of those kangaroos had floppy ears and two had straight ears. In the wild, 75% of kangaroos have straight ears. Neither floppy ears or straight ears have been found to have a fitness advantage for kangaroos. The zoo has continued to breed this population every year with no additional kangaroos being introduced from the wild. Currently, the population is composed entirely of floppy eared individuals. What process is responsible for this scenario? Founder Event Directional Selection Population Bottleneck Gene Flow

Founder Event

Natural selection is only one of several possible mechanisms of evolution. Another mechanism is: A. ntelligent design. B. the Scala Naturae (chain of being). C. translation of mRNA to a protein sequence. D. genetic drift. E. evolutionary stasis.

genetic drift.

If heritability for a particular trait is equal to 1, then all variation in that trait is due to __________- . If heritability for a particular trait is equal to 0, then all variation in that trait is due to ____________ . If heritability for a particular trait is equal to 0.3, then variation in that trait is due to ________________

genetic variation environmental variation both genetic variation and environmental variation, but mostly environmental variation

The amount of time it takes for a radioactive element to decay to 50% of its daughter isotope is called ___. A. quarter life B. conversion rate C. partial decay D. decay rate E. half-life

half-life

Which of the following types of selection is likely to maintain allelic diversity over time? dominant allele favored heterozygote advantage heterozygote disadvantage recessive allele favored

heterozygote advantage

Your textbook, and many (but not all) paleoanthropologists, refer to a species more closely related to humans than to chimps as a(n) ___. IDA hominin humanoid hominoid LUCA

hominin

Phylogenetic trees can always be regarded as _________________ about evolutionary relationships.

hypotheses

For the population below, calculate the expected equilibrium frequency of a recessive deleterious allele when the mutation rate (μ) is 0.00011. Enter your answer as a decimal with at least THREE significant digits. (e.g., 0.123) Genotype AA 0.6 1.0 Frequency Aa 0.2 1.0 Relative fitness aa 0.2 0.2

0.023

Calculate the relatedness (r) between diploid individuals A and B. Squares = males; Circles = females 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5

0.125

In a population with two alleles, B and b, the allele frequency of b is 0.22. What would be the frequency of the heterozygotes if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? 0.16 0.24 0.6 0.34 Impossible to tell from this information.

0.34

Sickle cell anemia occurs in individuals with a homozygous recessive genotype in the sickle cell locus (ss). The sickling of the red blood cells can cause severe illness, but also prevents infection by the malaria parasite. Homozygous dominant individuals (SS) have normal red blood cells, but are susceptible to malaria. Heterozygous individuals (Ss) can have more mild sickling of the red blood cells, but still maintain some resistance to malaria. In order to predict malaria dynamics, we would like to estimate the proportion of the population that is heterozygous. If we know that 6% of the population has sickle cell anemia and we assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the population is heterozygous? 0.37 0.61 0.07 0.26

0.37

Consider a bucket full of cheese and caramel popcorn. You pull out two random pieces of popcorn at a time to eat. You record the number of cheese-cheese, cheese-caramel, and caramel-caramel pairs that you eat (as you do when eating cheese and caramel popcorn). You find that you ate 23 cheese-cheese pairs, 12 cheese-caramel pairs, and 15 caramel-caramel pairs. Calculate the proportion of the bucket that was made up of caramel popcorn. 0.64 0.36 0.1 0.42 0.58

0.42

A hypothetical population has two alleles for a gene: A and a. In a random sample of 100 individuals, 40 are homozygous for a, 40 are homozygous for A, and 20 are heterozygous. What is the frequency of A? 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.25 0.5

0.5

If the initial frequency of an allele in a small population of fruit flies is 0.5, what is the probability that the allele will drift toward fixation? Near zero 0.5 It depends on the frequency of a. Near 1

0.5

Imagine a blue-footed booby population in which a 3-year-old female bird can rear 5 offspring in a breeding season without any help. If she receives help from her 2-year-old sister, she can rear a total of 12 offspring in a breeding season, but the 2-year-old sister would have to give up producing 5 of her own offspring to help her older sister. What is the relatedness of the recipient of the altruistic act to the actor that provides the helpful behavior (blue-footed boobies are diploid)? (answer format: number to two decimal places; e.g. 0.75) r =

0.50

In a population of mice, some have black fur, some have brown fur, and some have white fur. On average, each of the phenotypes produces the following numbers of offspring: Black fur 5 Brown fur 10 White fur 2 What is the relative fitness of the black fur phenotype? Enter your answer as a decimal with two significant digits (i.e., two digits after the decimal).

0.50

Given the following absolute fitnesses: w11 = 2.0 w12 = 1.5 w22 = 1.0 What is the relative fitness of the heterozygous genotype?

0.75

In a haplodiploid population of wasps, a female individual can either help her sister rear offspring, or set off to rear her own offspring. If she helps her sister, she rears no offspring of her own, but her sister can rear 40 rather than only 20. If she sets out on her own, she can rear 20 offspring of her own, but her sister only rears 20. Calculate the following values from Hamilton's rule. Relatedness of the haplodiploid sisters, r =

0.75

Calculate the mean fitness for the population below. Enter your answer to two decimal places. Genotype AA 0.20.8 Frequency Aa 0.61.0 Relative fitness aa 0.20.1

0.78

From the choices given, response of a quantitative character to selection will be greatest when heritability is _________ and the selection differential is _____________

0.9 10

A researcher is interested in the evolution of body size among the 5 related species of frog shown below. Phylogenetic trees A and B are identical to each other with respect to showing relationships among the five extant species. They only differ in whether small (phylogeny A) or large (phylogeny B) body sizes are inferred to be present in the most recent common ancestor of the five extant species. Based on parsimony, what is the least number of changes that can occur to describe how body size evolved for phylogenies A and B? PHYLOGENY A _______ PHYLOGENY B _______

1 2

The proportion of alleles in identical twins that are identical by descent (IBD) is expected to be: 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0

1.0

You've been working in a fish husbandry lab, and you notice that some of the fish have a much larger dorsal fin than others. The mean dorsal fin size in this population is 20 mm. To determine whether this trait is heritable, you select fish of known dorsal fin size, breed these fish, and measure the dorsal fin size of the offspring. You find heritability for this trait to be 0.65 based on a midparent-offspring regression. What is the mean dorsal fin size of the offspring if the mean dorsal fin size of the breeders is 12 mm? 8 25.2 14.8 5.2

14.8

According to modern estimates, the current universe formed about___________ and Earth itself formed about_____________

16 billion years ago 4.6 billion years ago

In a haplodiploid population of wasps, a female individual can either help her sister rear offspring, or set off to rear her own offspring. If she helps her sister, she rears no offspring of her own, but her sister can rear 40 rather than only 20. If she sets out on her own, she can rear 20 offspring of her own, but her sister only rears 20. Calculate the following values from Hamilton's rule. Benefit to the recipient, b =

20

All extinct vertebrate species are expected to be represented in the fossil record because bones of some individuals in each of those species have been preserved.

False

In a haplodiploid population of wasps, a female individual can either help her sister rear offspring, or set off to rear her own offspring. If she helps her sister, she rears no offspring of her own, but her sister can rear 40 rather than only 20. If she sets out on her own, she can rear 20 offspring of her own, but her sister only rears 20. Calculate the following values from Hamilton's rule. Cost to the actor, c =

20

The age of the Earth is approximately ___.

4.6 billion

Imagine a blue-footed booby population in which a 3-year-old female bird can rear 5 offspring in a breeding season without any help. If she receives help from her 2-year-old sister, she can rear a total of 12 offspring in a breeding season, but the 2-year-old sister would have to give up producing 5 of her own offspring to help her older sister. What is the cost to the actor? (answer format: standard number, no decimal places; e.g. 9) c =

5

Imagine a blue-footed booby population in which a 3-year-old female bird can rear 5 offspring in a breeding season without any help. If she receives help from her 2-year-old sister, she can rear a total of 12 offspring in a breeding season, but the 2-year-old sister would have to give up producing 5 of her own offspring to help her older sister. What is the fitness benefit to the recipient? (answer format: standard number, no decimal places; e.g. 9) b =

7

The snow goose (Chen caerulescens) has both a blue and a white morph. Inheritance is Mendelian: BB and Bb individuals are blue, while bb individuals are white. Assume mating is random with respect to color. In a population of 177 geese, If 34 are white and 143 are blue, how many of the blue geese would you expect to be carriers of the b allele (i.e., Bb heterozygotes)? 96 87 57 48 68 34

87

Which mutation is most likely to become fixed (frequency = 1) in a population? A neutral or nearly neutral mutation in an extremely large population. A neutral or nearly neutral mutation in an extremely small population. A beneficial mutation in an extremely small population. A beneficial mutation in an extremely large population. All of these mutations are equally likely to be fixed.

A beneficial mutation in an extremely large population.

Which of the following mutations is likely to have the largest effect on fitness? B. A single nucleotide mutation in a noncoding region B. A change in the codon of a functional gene from CAG (glutamine) to UAG (stop codon). C. A change in a codon of a functional gene from UCU (serine) to ACU (threonine); serine and threonine are both polar amino acids. D. A mutation causing loss of vitamin C synthesis in an environment with abundance citrus fruit.

A change in the codon of a functional gene from CAG (glutamine) to UAG (stop codon).

An important component of the method of strong inference is A. A cyclic scientific process using background knowledge (observation) to generate hypotheses, collection of new data, testing of hypotheses with new data, generation of refined hypotheses, etc. B. Consensus among scientists. C. Conclusions regarding the metaphysical. D. A truncated scientific process where hypotheses are generated, data are collected to test the hypotheses and final conclusions are drawn about a scientific truth.

A cyclic scientific process using background knowledge (observation) to generate hypotheses, collection of new data, testing of hypotheses with new data, generation of refined hypotheses, etc.

Which of these scenarios is an example of a bottleneck effect? A fire wipes out almost the entirety of a species' habitat, along with most of the individuals, and the few survivors repopulate. A population speciates as a result of disruptive selection, and two distinct species arise. There is a sudden environmental change that creates a strong selection pressure, changing allele frequencies very quickly in the population. A storm hits a population of flying animals and a few of them are blown to an uninhabited island, where they create a new population.

A fire wipes out almost the entirety of a species' habitat, along with most of the individuals, and the few survivors repopulate.

What is NOT an example of gene flow?

A forest found in the middle of two fields is logged and now no longer exists. Individuals from two separate populations of deer found on each of the two fields now travel back and forth between each population, but only breed in their native population range (ie. the deer from each population to not breed with another). d

What are the defining characteristics of life we used in class? Pick all that apply A genotype that can store information The ability to evolve Have a genome made of DNA Expression of a genotype Have ribozymes ,Live independently from other organisms

A genotype that can store information The ability to evolve Expression of a genotype

Given the following figure by Radman et al. (2006), which of the following statements regarding the rate of mutation and evolvability is TRUE? A. A high mutation rate may rapidly increase genetic variation resulting in rapid adaptation to a novel environment. B. A low mutation rate in population is not beneficial. C. Population fitness will not increase if the rate of mutation is low. D. A high rate of mutation may decrease fitness in a novel environment, because most mutations are neutral or deleterious.

A high mutation rate may rapidly increase genetic variation resulting in rapid adaptation to a novel environment.

Which hypothesis is least likely to explain the rapid evolution of morphological diversity during the Cambrian explosion? Regulatory genes underwent major evolutionary change. Environmental oxygen increased. Morphological changes led to novel interactions among species. A mass extinction opened up ecological niche space, allowing an evolutionary radiation of animals. Predation selected for enhanced diversity of defensive phenotypes.

A mass extinction opened up ecological niche space, allowing an evolutionary radiation of animals.

Marie Curie

Absolute dating of rock using radioactive decay is based on research by this person.

Which of the following is an acceptable definition of an adaptation among biologists? A derived character that evolved in response to a specific selective agent. A trait that evolved by natural selection for a particular function (because it increases fitness) from an ancestor that did not have that trait. A phenotypic variant that results in the highest fitness among a specified set of variants in a given environment. All of these are acceptable definitions.

All of these are acceptable definitions.

The biggest issue facing the successful production of influenza vaccines is that: All of these are serious issues. researchers must successfully predict which flu strain(s) will survive from among the existing strains to become the next season's epidemic. flu virus populations evolve rapidly. flu vaccines can take months to prepare.

All of these are serious issues.

Darwin developed his theory of natural selection despite having an incomplete and/or inaccurate knowledge base from which to work. Which of the following were problems for Darwin? A. The source of variations in populations. B. The accepted age of the Earth was far too young to allow for the gradual changes Darwin envisioned. C. An understanding of inheritance patterns from one generation to the next. D. All of these were problems for Darwin.

All of these were problems for Darwin.

One tailed frog species previously inhabited the entire western half of the northern United States prior to the formation of the Rocky Mountains. With the uprising of the Rocky Mountains, populations from the eastern side of the mountains became isolated from populations on the western side. These frogs have evolved for ~5 million years without gene flow across the Rocky Mountains, and are now considered separate species. What kind of speciation event occurred? Sympatric speciation via polyploidy Allopatric speciation via vicariance Sympatric speciation via a postmating reproductive barrier Allopatric speciation via dispersal

Allopatric speciation via vicariance

Mutation at a gene responsible for growth results in strong competitive ability, which increases mating success. However, individuals with this mutation also have an increased susceptibility to disease later in life and, consequently, early senescence. This provides evidence for which of the following hypotheses? Antagonistic Pleiotropy Hypothesis Mutation Accumulation Hypothesis Metabolic By-Product Hypothesis No Genetic Variation for Aging Hypothesis

Antagonistic Pleiotropy Hypothesis

Adapted for both tree-climbing and bipedality; teeth like modern humans; lived approximately 4.4 million years ago.

Ardipithecus

The SARS-CoV-2 virus genome has undergone many mutations since it was first detected in humans. These mutations: Are symplesiomorphies because they are unique to the viral lineage that is infecting humans. Are all adaptations to infecting humans rather than the virus' ancestral host species. Are all the result of random genetic drift because there is no selective pressure applied to the virus by human hosts. Are useful for tracking the phylogeography of the virus among human populations.

Are useful for tracking the phylogeography of the virus among human populations.

Housefly untreated

Attack

Housefly with Zonosemata wings.

Attack

Erect posture; brain larger than chimpanzees but smaller than modern humans; relatively delicate bone structure; lived approximately 4.1 to 1.8 million years ago.

Australopithecus

John Platt

Proposed the strong inference approach.

Biological species concept (BSC)

Biological species concept (BSC)

Gregor Mendel's experiments with peas showed that even after multiple generations of breeding, offspring inherit discrete traits (e.g., green or yellow pea color) rather than displaying a single, homogenous or intermediate trait (e.g., yellowish-green pea color), thereby refuting what hypothesis about inheritance? A. Germ plasm B. Blending inheritance C. Lamarckian inheritance D. Descent with modification

Blending inheritance

Spite

Both parties are harmed.

Mutualism.

Both parties benefit.

Species can be grouped and organized in a hierarchical way.

Carolus Linnaeus

From the following choices, which best defines evolution? A. Change in allele frequencies between generations within a population. B. Change within an organism during its lifetime. C. A trait that an organism exhibits that allows it to better survive in its environment. D. Survival of the fittest.

Change in allele frequencies between generations within a population.

Chimpanzees and gorillas share the trait of knuckle-walking, which humans do not generally have. Why do most scientists NOT classify chimpanzees and gorillas as each other's closest relatives? [select all that apply] Chimpanzees and humans share more unique features in common than either share with gorillas. Fossil evidence suggests that knuckle-walking was present in ape ancestors and is not a uniquely derived trait for chimpanzees and gorillas. Fossil apes that are thought to be closest to humans show adaptations for knuckle-walking, implying that humans have secondarily lost the trait. The majority of genetic evidence places chimpanzees closest to humans, not to gorillas.

Chimpanzees and humans share more unique features in common than either share with gorillas. Fossil evidence suggests that knuckle-walking was present in ape ancestors and is not a uniquely derived trait for chimpanzees and gorillas. Fossil apes that are thought to be closest to humans show adaptations for knuckle-walking, implying that humans have secondarily lost the trait. The majority of genetic evidence places chimpanzees closest to humans, not to gorillas.

What best explains why there are a lot of phenotypic differences between humans and chimpanzees? These lineages have been isolated by 6 million years, thus our DNA has greatly diverged. Humans are much more evolved than chimpanzees. Chimpanzees have stayed the same since diverging from our MRCA while humans have evolved through a series of several ancestral lineages. Chimpanzees and humans share ~98% of our DNA, but regulate and express many of these shared genes differently.

Chimpanzees and humans share ~98% of our DNA, but regulate and express many of these shared genes differently.

When using the comparative method, why can't all species be considered independent data points? Traits in distantly related species vary too much to be compared in a single study. Distantly related species evolve to minimize competition. Closely related species always have near identical trait values. Closely related species share an evolutionary history.

Closely related species share an evolutionary history.

Based on the phylogenetic tree, mark all monophyletic groups in the list below. Trout, Herring, Rockfish Cod, Sturgeon, Salmon Salmon, Sturgeon Cap, Catfish Sturgeon, Cod Bass, Rockfish Herring, Bass, Rockfish Herring, Cap, Catfish Trout, Bass, Rockfish, Herring, Cap, Catfish

Cod, Sturgeon, Salmon Salmon, Sturgeon Cap, Catfish Bass, Rockfish Herring, Cap, Catfish Trout, Bass, Rockfish, Herring, Cap, Catfish

You look across many species of spiders to see how different species have adapted to variation in hunting substrates.

Comparative

Morphospecies concept (MSC)

Correct match: Sexually dimorphic species, distinct developmental stages

Which piece of evidence allows us to differentiate between hypotheses 1 and 2? A. No change in lineages over time. B. Transitional forms C. Extinction D. Principle of faunal succession

Extinction

Which of the following does NOT represent a life history trait? Age at sexual maturity. Time to first reproduction. Defenses against predation. Adult body size.

Defenses against predation.

Which mode(s) of selection reduce(s) genetic variation? Directional selection Disruptive selection Stabilizing selection

Directional selection Stabilizing selection

You bring spiders into the lab and record how effectively they hunt on their normal substrate versus a novel substrate.

Experimental

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" mass extinctions? Late Devonian (about 360 Ma) Eocene-Oligocene (33.9 Ma) End-Triassic (200 Ma) End Permian (251 Ma) Terminal Ordovician (444 Ma)

Eocene-Oligocene (33.9 Ma)

Which of the following was NOT a likely consequence of the Chicxulub meteorite impact 65.5 million years ago? Earthquakes of huge magnitude. Eruption of massive volcanoes in India, forming deposits known as the Deccan Traps. A massive tsunami in the Gulf of Mexico. Intense acid rain from sulfuric acid forming in the atmosphere. Global cooling caused by sulfur dioxide and airborne dust blocking solar radiation.

Eruption of massive volcanoes in India, forming deposits known as the Deccan Traps.

What is meant by "the theory of evolution"? A. There is not enough evidence of evolution to consider it a fact, but it is compelling. B. Evolution is a proven fact. C. Nonevolutionary explanations for organic diversity are just as plausible as explanations provided by evolutionary biology. D. Scientists guess that evolution has occurred, but that idea is not yet supported by evidence. E. Evolution is well-supported by evidence and has survived repeated testing.

Evolution is well-supported by evidence and has survived repeated testing.

There are two frog species (A and B) living in a pristine, montane environment. Thirty individuals of each species are captured and moved to a polluted, urban stream. The mutation rate in functional genes of Species A is 7x10-8. The mutation rate in functional genes of Species B is 3x10-5. They both have the same number of functional genes. The species that is more likely have a beneficial allele arise that allows it to adapt to the new environment is . The species that is more likely to accumulate deleterious mutations in the new environment is

Frog species B Frog Species B

Humans have 23 chromosome pairs. Other members of the Hominidae, including chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, have 24. What could have caused this difference? A. Backmutation B. Deletion C. Fusion D. Frameshift mutation E. Inversion

Fusion

In a rabbit population, individuals vary in how many bunnies they have per litter - ranging from 2 to 10 with an average of 5. The optimal litter size is 7 bunnies (according to Lack's Hypothesis). Domestic cats move into the area one year and the rabbit population experiences a drastic reduction in population size. What pattern of evolutionary change in the life-history trait of litter size might we expect in this scenario? Populations will evolve toward the optimum clutch size, so selection will cause the average litter sizes to increase from 5 to 7. Genetic drift due to a bottleneck could cause the litter size to become fixed at 2 bunnies per litter by chance alone. There is no scenario that will result in evolutionary change because life-history traits cannot evolve by any mechanism other than natural selection. Selection will favor rabbits who invest more into growth and reproduce later in life.

Genetic drift due to a bottleneck could cause the litter size to become fixed at 2 bunnies per litter by chance alone.

The theory of catastrophism and the idea that some species do go extinct.

George Cuvier

Which of the following is one of the principles of evolution by natural selection? A. Mutation alone is sufficient to cause large allele frequency changes. B. The genotype is the same as the phenotype. C. Heritable variation can be maintained because of the particulate nature of genes. D. Characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime can be inherited. E. Natural selection needs to be strong in order for substantial evolutionary change to take place.

Heritable variation can be maintained because of the particulate nature of genes.

Erect posture; larger braincase; tool use; migrated out of Africa.

Homo

The first close human relative known to have dispersed out of Africa was ___. Homo floresiensis Homo erectus Australopithecus afarensis Homo naledi

Homo erectus

The accompanying figure shows the history of large meteorite impacts on both the earth and the moon. What is the graph's major implication for the origin of life on Earth? Huge impacts make it unlikely that life arose and survived on Earth before about 3.8 billion years ago. Meteorites could not have brought the organic molecules that were necessary for life appear. The moon is considerably older than the Earth. Life must have originated on a different body in the solar system and been brought to Earth. The Oparin-Haldane model of life's origins applies to the moon as well as to the Earth.

Huge impacts make it unlikely that life arose and survived on Earth before about 3.8 billion years ago.

Which of the following statements is true? Australopithecines had wrist features associated with knuckle-walking. Humans probably did NOT descend from a knuckle-walking ancestor. Morphological data from knuckle-walking contradicts the molecular data on human evolution. Humans probably did descend from a knuckle-walking ancestor. Gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans all knuckle-walk, but humans do not.

Humans probably did descend from a knuckle-walking ancestor.

In this phylogeny, originally assembled by Sarich and Wilson in 1967, the relationship among humans, chimps, bonobos, and gorillas, can be described as ___, while more recent evidence suggests that humans are more closely related to___. paraphyletic; gorillas a polytomy; chimps and bonobos paraphyletic; chimps and bonobos a polytomy; gorillas

a polytomy; chimps and bonobos

Choose the incorrect statement regarding adaptation from the following: Although adaptations may seem to exist for obvious reasons, their presence always needs to be tested. If a trait is adaptive, it will perfectly fit a need that confers an evolutionary advantage. All traits that are observed are not necessarily adaptive. At the molecular level, many of the variations among individuals, populations, and species may be selectively neutral. Some observed traits may not be adaptive, but are simply due to the process of genetic drift.

If a trait is adaptive, it will perfectly fit a need that confers an evolutionary advantage.

A study is conducted on a population of prairie dogs in Fort Collins. It is found that 30% of the prairie dogs have a black spot on their head, which indicates that they are heterozygous for that gene. Calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in this population. 0.60 0.24 0.50 0.48 Impossible to tell from this information.

Impossible to tell from this information.

You are studying two populations of salamander at a locus with two alleles, A and a. Population 1 consists of 25 individuals and the frequency of allele A is 0.50, while population 2 consists of 100 individuals and the frequency of allele A is 0.80. If genetic drift is the only evolutionary force acting on the population, in which population is the A allele more likely to reach fixation? In population 2, because the initial frequency of the A allele is higher. In population 2, because it has the larger population size. The A allele is equally likely to fix in both populations. In population 1, because it has the smaller population size.

In population 2, because the initial frequency of the A allele is higher.

Which of the following processes is likely to result in a decrease of heterozygosity within a population? (Check all that apply) Assortative Mating Disassortative Mating Inbreeding Genetic Drift

Inbreeding Genetic Drift

The survival and fertility rates of the offspring of related individuals are commonly reduced. This is known as: the inbreeding coefficient genetic drift outbreeding depression inbreeding depression the effective population

Inbreeding depression

Nicolaus Steno

Introduced the principle of superposition that is the basis for relative dating of fossils.

Which of the following best describes the trait of knucklewalking in the apes? Knucklewalking is a symplesiomorphy within the entire ape lineage. There was a reversal of knucklewalking in the human lineage back to the primitive condition within primates. Knucklewalking was likely present in the most recent common ancestor of the African great apes. There was a later apomorphy from knucklewalking to walking on the rear limbs in the human lineage. Knucklewalking was convergently derived in chimps and gorillas.

Knucklewalking was likely present in the most recent common ancestor of the African great apes. There was a later apomorphy from knucklewalking to walking on the rear limbs in the human lineage.

Below is a character matrix for 5 species of frogs. Based on this matrix, which characters are parsimony informative? Select all that apply. Inner Ear Pupil Vocal Sac Larval Stage

Larval Stage Inner Ear

Warning: Answer this question carefully! This question will NOT be regraded if you order these in reverse of what is asked for! Least inclusive = fewest number of species Most inclusive = highest number of species

Least inclusive Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum: Kingdom Most inclusive

Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs are known to give warning calls in the presence of mammal predators. An observational experiment found that in a population of prairie dogs, individuals call at the same rate when surrounded by family as they do when surrounded by unrelated individuals. Moreover, individuals who called were eaten less frequently. This suggests that calling behavior in this population: Likely evolved by kin selection rather than direct selection. Does not have a fitness effect. Likely evolved by direct selection rather than by kin selection. Likely evolved by genetic drift rather than by any type of selection.

Likely evolved by direct selection rather than by kin selection.

Which observation would be the best evidence for a recent founder event or population bottleneck? Evidence that population size on an island is maintained by a steady influx of migrants from the mainland. Low genetic diversity in a single population of a widely distributed species. Roughly equal genetic variation in all subregions of a species range. Census evidence for a steadily growing population. Evidence that a specific genotype has a strong selective advantage in an environment.

Low genetic diversity in a single population of a widely distributed species.

Famous fossil finder who contributed evidence supporting extinction.

Mary Anning

Which of these is NOT an evolutionary advantage of the first cell membranes? Membranes allow for cells to be compartmentalize. Membranes allow cells to move independently. Membranes allow genotypes and the phenotypes they produce to stay linked. Membranes allow substances to be concentrated inside a cell, or pumped outside. All of these are advantages of cell membranes.

Membranes allow cells to move independently.

1. All molecules of life assembled on Earth. The _____________ provided support that simple molecules exposed to conditions similar to early earth could give rise to organic molecules that could, ultimately, assemble into the basic units of nucleotides.

Miller-Urey Experiment

Which of these traits are synapomorphies of all apes as compared to Old World monkeys (baboons, macaques, etc.)? Opposable thumbs. Color vision. More flexible hips, ankles, and wrist. No tail. Relatively larger brain (compared to body size).

More flexible hips, ankles, and wrist. No tail. Relatively larger brain (compared to body size).

Most humans today show evidence of a limited amount of past interbreeding with ___. Australopithecus sediba Paranthropus boisei Homo naledi Homo ergaster Neanderthals

Neanderthals

When studying a population of goldfish (Carassius auratus), you examine specimens from both the current (extant) population as well as preserved museum specimens from past populations. You discover a mutation in the current population that was not present in the historic population. What is the mutation's most likely effect on fitness and why? A. Deleterious, due to the fact that most mutations are detrimental. B. Neutral, due to the fact that most mutations are neutral or nearly neutral. C. Lethal, since mutations are most likely to result in the death of the organism. D. Beneficial, because it is present in the extant population and not the historic population, it must have conferred a fitness advantage to the extant population.

Neutral, due to the fact that most mutations are neutral or nearly neutral.

Darwin identified four main conditions that were necessary for evolution by natural selection. Which of the following is NOT one of them? A. New mutations must arise in the population. B. Some of the variation among individuals is heritable. C. Individuals within populations are variable. B. Some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others.

New mutations must arise in the population.

In a haplodiploid population of wasps, a female individual can either help her sister rear offspring, or set off to rear her own offspring. If she helps her sister, she rears no offspring of her own, but her sister can rear 40 rather than only 20. If she sets out on her own, she can rear 20 offspring of her own, but her sister only rears 20. Calculate the following values from Hamilton's rule. According to Hamilton's rule, would we expect the allele for helping to increase in frequency?

No

According to the morphospecies and phylogenetic species concepts, Baymax and Wall-E are members of two different species. Does this mean that they must also be recognized as members of two different species according to the biological species concept? Yes, because the phylogenetic species concepts will only identify species that are incapable of producing fertile offspring. No, because the biological species concept requires species to be separated by a physical barrier, such as mountains or an ocean. No, because the biological species concept requires evidence of reproductive isolation. Yes, because the biological species concept uses the inferred phylogeny and morphological traits to determine species delimitations.

No, because the biological species concept requires evidence of reproductive isolation.

Researchers are interested in the relationship between wing size and and windy habitats in species of damselflies. They hypothesize that larger wing sizes enable individuals to fly in windy environments where smaller wings would not. The authors collect data on six different species of damselflies and find the results below. Based on these results, can the authors conclude that wing size is an adaptation to windy environments?

No, because the phylogenetic relationship among species has not been accounted for in their graph (i.e., the species may not be independent points).

A scientist is conducting a monohybrid cross to examine the laws of inheritance in a butterfly. They are examining the trait of brown or black wing spots, which is controlled by a single gene with two alleles, B and b. The scientist crosses true-breeding butterflies, one with black spots (BB) and one with brown spots (bb) to produce heterozygous F1 offspring. The scientist then crosses F1 offspring to produce the F2 generation. Can they observe the Law of Independent Assortment in action with this cross? Why/Why not? A. Yes, you can observe the genes assorting randomly into separate gametes. B. No, it can only be observed between two or more unlinked genes (such as on different chromosomes). C. Yes, you can observe the alleles assorting randomly into separate gametes. D. No, it can only be observed between two or more linked genes (i.e., on the same chromosome).

No, it can only be observed between two or more unlinked genes (such as on different chromosomes).

You go into the field and watch the different hunting strategies of spiders depending on their substrate.

Observational

Charles Darwin

Observed similarities between fossils and extant species in the same location.

Place these possible direct Homo sapiens ancestors in the correct order going from oldest to most recent

Oldest Sahelanthropus tchadensis Australopithecus afarensis Homo erectus / ergaster Homo neanderthalensis / heidelbergensis Homo sapiens Most recent

Under the____________hypothesis both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and then migrated throughout different parts of the Old World independently of each other, whereas under the_____________hypothesis only Homo erectus migrated out Africa and then Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus in different parts of the Old World.

Out of Africa Multiregional

Molecules of life on Earth may have beed seeded from an extraterrestrial source. Organic molecules, liquid water, and other components necessary for life have been successfully recovered from meterorites, lending support to the

Panspermia Hypothesis

An organism that develops different phenotypes in different environments is said to exhibit what trait? A. Heterozygote advantage B. Phenotypic plasticity C. Mutant advantage D. Mutational meltdown

Phenotypic plasticity

Which of the below phylogenies is more parsimonious based on the characters claws, snout, and eyes? A. Phylogeny 1 B. Phylogeny 2 C. Both phylogenies are equally parsimonious. D. These characters are parsimony uninformative. So it is not possible to determine which phylogeny is more parsimonious.

Phylogeny 1

If we were to group Bananas and Carrots together based on the trait "high sugar content", what kind of group would this be? A. Paraphyletic Group B. Outgroup C. Monophyletic Group D. Polyphyletic Group

Polyphyletic Group

Hybrid sterility

Postzygotic isolation

Increased hybrid mortality

Postzygotic isolation

Gametic isolation

Prezygotic isolation

Mate choice

Prezygotic isolation

Giant Kangaroo Rats have particularly large hindfoot lengths to allow them to jump high in order to escape predation. A group of researchers visited the population in 2014 and found heritability of hindfoot length to be 0.75. The same group of researchers revisited the population 2017 and discovered the heritability was much lower than before while the selection differential remained the same. What do you expect the response to selection to be in 2017 compared to the response to selection in 2014? R would be lower in 2017. R would stay the same. R would be higher in 2017. There is not enough information to answer the question.

R would be lower in 2017.

Zonosemata untreated.

Retreat

Zonosemata with housefly wings.

Retreat

Zonosemata with own wings cut and reglued.

Retreat

known from a single crushed, distorted skull that is 6-7 million years old; possibly close to the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees.

Sahelanthropus

Which of the following would you most likely be able to effectively apply the biological species concept to? Closely related species that do not have overlapping geographic distributions Asexually reproducing species Species that are only known from fossils Sexually reproducing species that have overlapping geographic distributions

Sexually reproducing species that have overlapping geographic distributions

In a haplodiploid species of scorpion the costs (C) and benefits (B) of helping siblings are the same for both sexes (male and female in this case). Would a female scorpion be more likely to help her brother or her half-sister? Help her brother. Help her half-sister. She is equally likely to help both her brother and half-sister. There is not enough information to conclude who she would be most likely to help.

She is equally likely to help both her brother and half-sister.

A famous experiment that generated organic molecules from a mixture of gases thought to resemble the early Earth's atmosphere was carried out in 1952-1953 by: Stanley Miller Charles Darwin Thomas Cech J.S. Haldane Aniela Wochner

Stanley Miller

The hygiene hypothesis was proposed by David Strachan in 1989 to explain the rise in allergic diseases. He suggested that the rising incidence of allergic disease, such as asthma or allergies, was actually linked to reduced exposure to germs through declining family sizes, more limited exposure to animals, and higher general standards of cleanliness. Strachan reasoned that repeated exposure to microbes at an early age, for example as a result of having siblings, owning a pet, living on a farm, or attending day care, helped our immune systems to properly develop and therefore not overreact to routine environmental stimuli, such as potential allergens. Strachan's hypothesis has been tested many times since he first proposed. Based on this body of evidence, scientists have suggested that

Strachan's insight was essentially correct, but the interpretation was wrong; what is actually needed is early and repeated exposure to harmless microorganisms, such as those found in our microbiome.

Consider the two short sequences below: Original: CUU CCC AAA GGG CGU Mutated: CUU CCC AAA GGG CGA This is an example of what kind of mutation?

Synonymous mutation

Selfishness

The actor benefits and the recipient is harmed.

Altruism

The actor is harmed and the recipient benefits.

Which of the following is universal among organisms, thus implying that all living things derive from a common ancestor? The type of information storage molecule. The machinery of replication and protein synthesis. The use of L optical isomers of amino acids as building blocks for proteins. The genetic code.

The type of information storage molecule. The machinery of replication and protein synthesis. The use of L optical isomers of amino acids as building blocks for proteins. The genetic code.

Researchers used four characters to construct the phylogenetic tree in Analysis 1 that is shown below. Realizing their clades had low bootstrap support, the researchers re-ran the analysis after collecting more data on the same individuals and same species as in Analysis 1. The results from this second analysis are shown in Analysis 2. Based on this information, which of the following statements is/are TRUE ?

The additional data provided increased support for the close relationship between Species E and Species F The additional data provided increased support for the close relationship between Species G and Species H The additional data provided increased support for the close relationship between the Group (A+B) and Group (C+D).

You have 30 water fleas that are all clones of one another. You raise half of them in a tank with predators and half of them in a tank without predators. Once they are fully developed you take pictures of the water fleas; one of your pictures is shown below. While examining your pictures, you notice that the group raised in the tank with predators have what look like helmets (right side of picture) whereas the group raised without predators have smooth heads that are typical of water fleas (left side of picture). What's the best explanation for this? A. The two groups must have not been clones and are actually genetically distinct. B. The water fleas with helmets all mutated whereas the others did not. C. The individuals that developed with a predator all evolved helmets for protection. D. The difference in their environment led to the change in the phenotype between the two groups.

The difference in their environment led to the change in the phenotype between the two groups.

A population of eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) in northern Iowa are normally brown. A research team discovers a mutation that causes leucism (completely white fur or patches of white fur). The research team collects data on survival of both brown rabbits and leucistic rabbits. Their data show the following: During March to October, snow rarely covers the ground. During these months, the brown rabbits are preyed upon less - so they have higher survival. From November to February, snow covers the ground almost constantly. During these months, the white rabbits are preyed upon less and their survival is higher Based on these data, what conclusions can the researchers make about the fitness effects of this leucism mutation?

The effect of the mutation depends on the environment.

The reproductive behaviors of the common Suriname toads (Pipa pipa) are unusual. During amplexus (i.e., frog mating), female toads will release eggs for external fertilization, which males toads will fertilize. Males will then perform swimming maneuvers until the eggs become embedded onto the females' backs. The mother will then carry the fertilized eggs on her back, protecting her clutch from predators and ensuring that they receive sufficient oxygen, until the eggs hatch. Based on this information and the lecture material, which sex would be expected to be choosy and why? The male is choosy because he invests more energy during sex. The female is choosy because she has a larger parental investment. The male is choosy because he needs a high quality female to protect the eggs. The female is choosy because in nature, females are always the choosier sex.

The female is choosy because she has a larger parental investment.

In the 1930s and 1940s the modern evolutionary synthesis occurred. Which of these was NOT a major outcome of the evolutionary synthesis? A. Recognition of natural selection as the primary driver of evolution, along with important roles for genetic drift, gene flow, and sexual selection. B. Rejection of anti-Darwinian ideas like neo-Lamarckism, orthogenesis, and mutationism. C. The integration of genetics, systematics, and paleontology (connecting microevolution with macroevolution). D. The development of a mathematical theory of population genetics. E. The integration of genomics with evolutionary biology.

The integration of genomics with evolutionary biology.

The salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica (yellow-eyed Ensatina) has a color pattern that very closely resembles a brightly colored poisonous newt that co-occurs in the same habitat. A scientist hypothesizes that this color pattern is an adaptation (because predators will avoid the salamander if it looks poisonous) and performs the following experiment to test her hypothesis. She paints 25 clay models to mimic the yellow-eyed Ensatina and she paints another 25 to mimic a plain-colored salamander. These models are then placed within the geographic range of the yellow-eyed Ensatina and left for 25 days. The clay models are then collected and the number of attack marks recorded. Which of the following results would provide evidence that supports the scientist's hypothesis?

The models that resembled yellow-eyed Ensatina had significantly fewer attack marks than the other models.

Which of the following statements about parsimony is TRUE? A. The most parsimonious phylogeny has the fewest number of character state changes, thereby minimizing the number of hypothesized reversals and/or convergences. B. Parsimony informative characters have at least 2 character states. Of those character states, only 1 is present in at least 2 taxa. C. The bootstrap method, which resamples characters with replacement, can be used to prove that a given phylogeny is more parsimonious than an alternative phylogeny. D. The most parsimonious phylogeny is the one that minimizes autapomorphies by maximizing convergences and reversals.

The most parsimonious phylogeny has the fewest number of character state changes, thereby minimizing the number of hypothesized reversals and/or convergences.

Select the most accurate statement about the most recent common ancestor of extant organisms. The most recent common ancestor of all extant organisms was not necessarily the first life form. There is no single common ancestor for all extant organisms because there was a separate origin for each domain of life. There is no evidence in support of a single common ancestor for all extant organisms, because not all organisms have DNA. The most recent common ancestor of all extant organisms is also the very first life form.

The most recent common ancestor of all extant organisms was not necessarily the first life form.

Which of these hypotheses have been put forth to explain why birds do not produce theoretically optimal clutch sizes as predicted by Lack? The parents are saving and investing energy for future reproductive events Due to genetic constraints, the birds do not build large enough nests to hold any more eggs The chance of survival for each chick decreases with increases in clutch size Predators keep removing eggs from the nest, so the optimal amount is never reached

The parents are saving and investing energy for future reproductive events

Based on the phylogeny shown above, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The presence of jaws is a synapomorphy for the group that contains reptiles, birds, mammals, amphibians, fish, and starfish. B. The presence of two fenestrae is a synapomorphy for the group that contains reptiles and birds. C. The presence of feathers is a synapomorphy for birds. D. The presence of an external skeleton is an autapomorphy for the group that contains insects, millipedes, and crustaceans.

The presence of two fenestrae is a synapomorphy for the group that contains reptiles and birds.

Sharks with large teeth are better at catching large fish while smaller teeth are better for eating small fish. Due to over fishing, the populations of larger fish have decreased. What do you expect to happen to the shark populations that survive off these fisheries? Small teeth are necessary, so the alleles for this trait will increase in frequency in the population. Individuals with large teeth will eat all the small teeth sharks and then the population of large-teeth sharks will increase. The large teeth sharks will choose to have smaller teeth, driving the evolutionary changes in their population. The proportion of sharks with alleles for small teeth will increase in the population over time.

The proportion of sharks with alleles for small teeth will increase in the population over time.

This graph shows evidence for which postulate of natural selection? A. Individuals in a population are variable in a trait. B. Survival and reproduction are not random with respect to the trait. C. Individuals vary in survival. D. Variation of the trait is heritable.

The relative fitness of an individual will always be a number from 0 to 1.

The histograms below show the distribution of mating success for males of a given species. Which histogram represents the population that you would expect sexual selection in males is acting most strongly on and why?

The right, because the large number of unsuccessful individuals suggests that there should be strong selection to be competitive.

In February 2020, a rare single base-pair mutation arose in a strain of SARS-CoV-2. That mutation quickly increased in frequency and by June 2020 almost all sequenced samples of SARS-CoV-2 contained that mutation. Based only on the information given above, select the best (most evolutionarily-sound) answer from the options below: This dramatic change in allele frequency over time demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 evolved We cannot make any evolutionary insights with the given information This dramatic change in allele frequency over time demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 adapted to having a human host by becoming less virulent This dramatic change in allele frequency over time demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 became more virulent

This dramatic change in allele frequency over time demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 evolved

Which of the following statements best summarizes natural selection? A. Organisms change in order to become adapted to new environments. B. Organisms evolve in order to become better adapted to the environment. C. Individuals who are most fit will survive. D. Traits that promote survival and reproduction become more frequent in species from one generation to the next.

Traits that promote survival and reproduction become more frequent in species from one generation to the next.

Across species A-E, we can infer that presence of enlarged eyes is not an adaptation to a subterranean lifestyle.

True

Narrow-sense heritability is defined as: VA/VP VP VG VG/VP VA VA/VG VP/VG VG/VE VE

VA/VP

When the theory of natural selection as proposed by Darwin and Wallace is summarized, four central postulates emerge. Which of the following is NOT one of these four natural selection postulates? A. Variations exist in any given generation of a species. B. Those individuals whose variations confer an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce. C. Variations are, at least in part, heritable. D. Variations in traits are produced by mutations.

Variations in traits are produced by mutations.

In a population of 100 individuals, 25 are AA, 50 are Aa, and 25 are aa. Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Yes. No, there are more heterozygotes than expected. No, there are fewer heterozygotes than expected. It is not possible to determine from this information.

Yes

The scarlet tiger moth has three color forms caused by differences in a single locus. One homozygote (A1A1) has extensive white spotting, the other (A2A2) is darkly colored, and the heterozygote (A1A2) is intermediate. Over 30 years, geneticist E.B. Ford collected 18,385 moths from a population in England. Of these, 16,948 were A1A1, 1,411 were A1A2, and 29 were A2A2. Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at the A locus? Yes. No, there are more heterozygotes than expected. No, there are fewer heterozygotes than expected. Impossible to determine from this information.

Yes

If a population has the following genotype frequencies, AA = 0.38, Aa = 0.20, and aa = 0.42 what are the allele frequencies? A = 0.65, a = 0.35 A = 0.52, a = 0.48 A = 0.45, a = 0.55 A = 0.48, a = 0.52 A = 0.42, a = 0.46

a=0.48, A=0.52

At the most fundamental of levels, differences in life histories (that is, reproductive strategies) are trade-offs that are based on differences in the reproductive sizes between individuals. onset of reproductive maturity. average number of offspring produced over the life span of individuals. allocation of energy between individuals.

allocation of energy between individuals.

The specific parts of foreign proteins that the immune system recognizes and "remembers" are called: binding sites None of these choices is correct. antibody sites receptor sites antigenic sites

antigenic sites

Antibiotics are used to treat ___. bacterial and viral infections bacterial, viral, and fungal infections viral infections bacterial infections

bacterial infections

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the percentage of Icelandic children whose bacterial infections were caused by bacteria resistant to penicillin rose at an alarming rate. After public health officials initiated a campaign to reduce the use of penicillin, resistance dropped off (See the figure below). This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that: bacteria generate mutations so that they can evolve in order to become better adapted to their environment the use of antibiotics generates mutations in bacteria that affects their resistance bacterial populations evolve in response to the selection pressure imposed by antibiotics antibiotics really have no effect on bacterial resistance; such fluctuations are natural and occur whether we use antibiotics or not

bacterial populations evolve in response to the selection pressure imposed by antibiotics

In experiments by Greene and colleagues (1987) with the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus, carefully controlled experiments demonstrated that wing marking on the tephritid fly were sufficient to prevent predation. wing-waving by the tephritid fly was sufficient to prevent predation. both wing-waving and wing markings on the tephritid fly mimicked the jumping spider, and thus prevented predation. neither wing-waving or wing markings on the fly substantially prevented predation.

both wing-waving and wing markings on the tephritid fly mimicked the jumping spider, and thus prevented predation.

Which of the following is NOT homologous to the others? A. dolphin flipper B. butterfly wing C. bat wing D. horse leg

butterfly wing

Two major themes of On the Origin of Species are: A. essentialism and a transformational theory of change. B. descent with modification and a transformational theory of change. C. descent with modification and essentialism. D. essentialism and a variational theory of change. E. descent with modification and a variational theory of change.

descent with modification and a variational theory of change

Phylogenetic species concept (PSC)

difficulty identifying which trait to use which can lead to conflicting results

The transitional fossil Archaeopteryx shows a combination of traits consistent with the hypothesis that it shared a common ancestor with: A. dinosaurs and bats B. hippos and whales C. reptiles and birds D. dinosaurs and birds

dinosaurs and birds

Conventional wisdom holds that oxpeckers remove ticks from the backs of cattle on which they feed in a mutualistic relationship, and the cattle tolerate the oxpecker's presence because the birds help remove parasites. Weeks (2000) performed observational experiments in Zimbabwe and demonstrated that the relationship between oxpeckers and cattle was not the removal of parasites, but that the oxpeckers are ___. in fact parasitic, and create and feed on wounds they make, and also feed on earwax in the cattle mutualistic, but serve only to remove earwax from the cattle on which they feed mutualistic and feed on open wounds that have already been created by ticks, and additionally feed on earwax parasitic and feed on earwax and the open wounds they create during the removal of the earwax mutualistic and only feed on open wounds that have already been created by feeding ticks

in fact parasitic, and create and feed on wounds they make, and also feed on earwax in the cattle

When genotypes at one locus of a chromosome are independent of genotypes at another locus of the same chromosome, the two loci are ___. in linkage equilibrium in linkage disequilibrium nonrandomly associated None of these answers is correct.

in linkage equilibrium

Natural selection acts on ___, but causes changes in ___. A. traits; individuals B. populations; individuals C. genotypes; phenotypes D. individuals; populations

individuals; populations

A key event that determines reproductive success involves members of one sex choosing their mates from among the opposite sex, and is termed: runaway sexual selection intersexual selection good genes hypothesis intrasexual selection

intersexual selection

Selection for the ability to successfully compete with members of their own sex to mate with the opposite sex is termed: mating selection competitive selection intersexual selection intrasexual selection

intrasexual selection

A zoonotic pathogen is one that ___. was transmitted to zoo animals from humans. is adapted to infect both humans and animals. is transmitted from animals to humans.

is transmitted from animals to humans.

Mutation is an important evolutionary process because A. it works against evolution by introducing deleterious alleles. B. it occurs at the same rate in all organisms. C. it generates genetic variation on which selection can act. D. It's actually not important because mutations are all neutral.

it generates genetic variation on which selection can act.

The fossil Sahelanthropus tchadensis from the Djurab Desert of Chad, dated at 6 to 7 million years ago, may be a hominin (i.e., share more recent common ancestry with humans than with any other ape because of ___. its sophisticated use of stone tools the shape of its thighbones its relatively flat face fossil footprints showing bipedal locomotion its relatively large brain

its relatively flat face

According to the basic model of mutation-selection balance, when selection is strong and the mutation rate is low, the equilibrium frequency of a deleterious allele will be relatively ___; when selection is weak and the mutation rate is high, the equilibrium frequency of a deleterious allele will be relatively ___. high; high high; low low;low low; high

low; high

Gene flow through migration ___. has no effect on allele frequencies of populations can go only in one direction maintains the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium may have the largest impact on small populations, such as those on islands

may have the largest impact on small populations, such as those on islands

Suppose a founding population has allele frequencies not typical of the original population. Which of the following effects would most likely lead to homogenization? migration between the original and founding populations random mating within the founding population genetic drift within the founding population no mutations within either population none of these answers is correct

migration between the original and founding populations

Most of the different _______ first appeared during the Cambrian. modern animal phyla classes of RNA ecological niches endosymbionts plant tissue types

modern animal phyla

The point at which the rate that a deleterious allele is being eliminated from a population by natural selection is in equilibrium with the rate at which the deleterious allele is being replaced by a new mutation is termed: mutation-dependent selection mutation-selection balance mutation-dependent equilibrium frequency-dependent selection

mutation-selection balance

Multicellular organisms such as humans could be thought of as populations of cells, where each member of the population is derived from a single ancestor: the zygote. In such populations, we would expect to see that: mutations could occur in any cell, and if so, they may be still be capable of division, leading to cells with heritable genetic variation mutations can occur, but only in cells that develop into tumors all of the cells of the population are genetically identical, since they are derived by mitosis from the zygote mutation events that lead to increased cell survival or more rapid reproduction could, in effect, develop into tissues which evolve by natural selection within the organism

mutations could occur in any cell, and if so, they may be still be capable of division, leading to cells with heritable genetic variation mutation events that lead to increased cell survival or more rapid reproduction could, in effect, develop into tissues which evolve by natural selection within the organism

Biometricians argued that _________________ is the primary mechanism of evolution, while Mendelians argued that _________________ is the primary mechanism of evolution

natural selection mutation

The information contained in DNA is encoded by the A. phosphate groups on the outside of the DNA molecule. B. nitrogenous bases on the inside of the DNA molecule. C. sugars on the outside of the DNA molecule. D. hydrogen bonds on the inside of the DNA molecule.

nitrogenous bases on the inside of the DNA molecule.

Imagine a blue-footed booby population in which a 3-year-old female bird can rear 5 offspring in a breeding season without any help. If she receives help from her 2-year-old sister, she can rear a total of 12 offspring in a breeding season, but the 2-year-old sister would have to give up producing 5 of her own offspring to help her older sister. According to Hamilton's rule, if the allele for the altruistic behavior is rare, would you expect it to increase in frequency in this bird population? (answer format: Yes/No)

no

We survey a population of squishy inky critters at the locus that controls the production of ink. We observe that 30% are recessive homozygotes and are not able to produce ink and 15% are heterozygotes. What are the observed allele frequencies in this population? Does this population appear to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? p = 0.625, q = 0.375, No p = 0.625, q = 0.375, Yes p = 0.452, q = 0.548, No p = 0.452, q = 0.548, Yes

p = 0.625, q = 0.375, No

The energy and time expended constructing and caring for offspring is known as: the handicap hypothesis parental investment runaway sexual selection sexual selection

parental investment

The method that compares divergence of sister taxa for a trait of interest in order to test hypotheses about adaptations is phylogenetically independent contrasts phylogenetically derived contrasts phylogenetically dependent contrasts divergence contrasts

phylogenetically independent contrasts

In a haplodiploid population of wasps, a female individual can either help her sister rear offspring, or set off to rear her own offspring. If she helps her sister, she rears no offspring of her own, but her sister can rear 40 rather than only 20. If she sets out on her own, she can rear 20 offspring of her own, but her sister only rears 20. Calculate the following values from Hamilton's rule. Why?

rB-C > 0 (0.75)(20) - 20 = -5 (which is not greater than zero)

The theory of aging that posits that aging is caused by irreparable damage to the cells, tissues, and organs of an organism brought about by such things as errors in protein synthesis and the accumulation of toxic metabolites is the evolutionary theory of aging. rate of living theory of aging. particulate theory of aging. theory of senescence.

rate of living theory of aging.

The fitness of pathogenic microbes is measured by ___. number of offspring produced. rate of transmission. disease incidence. their virulence.

rate of transmission.

Vincent Sarich and Allan Wilson estimated that humans diverged from their closest living primate relatives about 5 million years ago. What line of evidence did they use initially? reactions between primate serum proteins and antibodies to human serum chromosomal banding patterns, fusions, and fissions radiometric dating of fossils DNA denaturation and re-annealing temperatures.. cladistic analysis of DNA sequences from living primates

reactions between primate serum proteins and antibodies to human serum

In determining the evolutionary relationships of current species, one needs to: A. read along the tree tips: species closer to each other are always more closely related. B. read along the tree tips: species shown at the tips are arranged in patterns reflecting which groups evolved from others. C. read "back" to nodes connecting species to determine common ancestry. D. None of these is an accurate way to read phylogenetic trees.

read "back" to nodes connecting species to determine common ancestry.

Match the indicated parts of a phylogeny with the appropriate term. A B C D E

root node branch tip clade

There are occasions when theoretical expectations do not match with actual outcomes, as you see in the case of zygote formation with genetic drift. This discrepancy is known as: sampling bias random mutations nonrandom mating sampling error

sampling error

Initial studies of the influenza A virus by Walter Fitch and colleagues showed that: influenza A actually has DNA as its genetic material. selection by the immune system drives change in hemagglutinin's antigenic sites. selection is causing influenza A to become more virulent over time. protein evolution in influenza A is consistent with the neutral theory. flu strains from one host cannot exchange genetic material with strains from another.

selection by the immune system drives change in hemagglutinin's antigenic sites.

Which of the following can produce linkage disequilibrium? [choose all that apply] recombination independent assortment selection of genotypes of more than one locus mixing two populations, each of which is in linkage equilibrium but with different allele frequencies crossing over genetic drift

selection of genotypes of more than one locus mixing two populations, each of which is in linkage equilibrium but with different allele frequencies genetic drift

The decline in an individual's fertility, with a corresponding decrease in the likelihood of survival, is known as pleiotropy. the reproductive theory of aging. Lack's hypothesis. bad luck. senescence.

senescence

The phenotypic differences between males and females of a species are called: male/female dimorphism sexual differentiation sexual morphism sexual dimorphism

sexual dimorphism

Proteins carry out much of the biochemistry of life, including DNA replication, but DNA stores the information needed to build correct proteins. Early life forms would have needed both proteins and DNA, but neither can exist without the other. The RNA world hypothesis is an appealing solution to this problem, because it states that: RNA can evolve into DNA by natural selection. proteins can store the information needed for their own synthesis. RNA is more chemically stable than DNA. nucleotides of RNA are chemically similar to amino acids. some RNA molecules both store information and catalyze chemical reactions.

some RNA molecules both store information and catalyze chemical reactions.

Among apes, chimpanzees and bonobos have large testes relative to their body size. Males with larger testes produce more sperm and have an increased chance of fertilizing an egg after mating with females. In contrast, gorillas have small testes relative to their body size, but there is more pronounced sexual dimorphism among gorillas. Male gorillas exhibit variation in body size, and larger males are more successful at acquiring mates. Based on this information, chimpanzees and bonobos likely rely on __________to increase fitness, whereas gorillas likely rely on ____________ to increase fitness.

sperm competition male-male combat

Javelinas, a kind of pig native to the American Southwest, are known to eat cacti. The more spines a cactus has, the less likely it is to be eaten by a javelina. But, if the spines are too dense, a certain kind of parasitic insect will lay its eggs among the spines, which is also detrimental to the cactus. So, the fittest cacti have an intermediate number of spines -- not so few that they get eaten by javelinas, but not so many that they get infested with parasitic insects. This an example of which type of selection? disruptive selection directional selection stabilizing selection frequency dependent selection

stabilizing selection

There are many populations of blackbirds that together form a contiguous (that is, uninterrupted) geographic range. A mutation arises in a population of blackbirds such that the mutated individuals produce a blue band rather than a red band on their wings (see image below). Through strong assortative mating, over time this population of blue-banded blackbirds diverges and becomes a new species. This is an example of:

sympatric speciation

The study of the fossilization process itself is called ___. functional morphology stratigraphic correlation sequence stratigraphy permineralization taphonomy

taphonomy

In the breeder's equation, the response to selection is equal to: the average trait value of the selected parents minus the average trait value of the entire parental population the average trait value of the selected parents minus the average trait value of the offspring the average trait value of the entire parental population minus the average trait value of the offspring the average trait value of the offspring minus the average trait value of the entire parental generation the average trait value of the offspring minus the average trait value of the selected parents the average trait value of the entire parental population minus the average trait value of the selected parents

the average trait value of the offspring minus the average trait value of the entire parental generation

In the Hardy-Weinberg principle, 2pq represents ___. the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in the population. the frequency of heterozygous individuals in the population. the frequency of the dominant phenotype in the population. the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in the population.

the frequency of heterozygous individuals in the population.

In terms of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genetic drift results from a violation of the infinite population size assumption. the lack of mutation assumption. the random mating assumption. the lack of migration assumption. the lack of natural selection assumption.

the infinite population size assumption.

The idea that fossils in a particular location are similar to (and related to) the living species in that same location is part of A. gradualism B. the law of faunal succession C. the law of gravity D. catastrophism

the law of faunal succession

The expression "pull of the recent" refers to the fact that ____. younger rocks are more likely to be covered up or otherwise inaccessible the quality of the fossil record gets worse the farther back in time you look younger fossils are more important for the study of evolution than older fossils older rocks are more likely to be volcanic rocks with no fossils younger fossils are more likely to be preserved by permineralization

the quality of the fossil record gets worse the farther back in time you look

The total phenotype variance ( VP) is: the difference between VG and VE. independent of VG. the sum of genetic variance ( VG) and environmental variance ( VE). independent of VE.

the sum of genetic variance ( VG) and environmental variance ( VE).

Data from different (a) fish families and (b) fruit fly species are represented in the figure above. These data suggest there is an apparent trade-off between egg size and number of offspring. the greater the number of offspring, the larger the eggs that are produced. the greater the number of offspring, the smaller the eggs that are produced. there is no relationship between number of offspring and egg size.

there is an apparent trade-off between egg size and number of offspring. the greater the number of offspring, the smaller the eggs that are produced.

The coccyx, a tiny tailbone found in humans, is believed to be what kind of structure? A. terminated B. vestigial C. rudimentary D. redundant

vestigial