C10 - Chapter 29 Test
What is the "mandate of heaven," and the "divine right of kings
"Kings and emperors, on the basis of their divine powers claimed sovereignty—political supremacy and authority to rule.
What is "the cult of reason
"The French revolutionaries' secular alternative to Christianity. It exalted man's thinking ability over divine revelation.
What is the early modern era
1500 to 1800, peoples from all parts of the world entered into sustained interactions with one another for the first time in history.
When would Mexico become an independent republic
1823
How long did it take for the slave trade to end
1867 was the last documented ship to carry slaves across the Atlantic Ocean.
What is an Ideology
A coherent vision of human nature, human society, and the larger world that proposes some particular form of political and social organization as ideal. Ideologists seek to design a political and social order appropriate for their communities.
What is Seneca Falls
A conference of feminists who passed resolutions demanding that lawmakers grant women rights equivalent to those enjoyed by men.
What is the Guillotine
A machine that brought about humane executions by quickly severing a victim's head.
What is the Directory of July 1794 and why did it end
A new group of conservatives land owners seized power and ruled France under a new institution known as the Directory.
Who are the gens de couleur
A population of Saint-Domingue during the late eighteenth century that farmed small plots of land or worked as artisans in town, they were free people of color, including mulattoes and freed slaves.
At the beginning of the war for independence, what advantages did Britain enjoy over the rebel American colonist
A strong government, powerful navy and army, and a sizable population of loyalists in the colonies.
Between 1789 and 1791, how did the National Assembly reconfigure French society
Abolished the old social order, seized church lands and striped the clergy of political power. It created a constitutional monarchy that deprived the king of authority and increase the men of property powers.
How did industrialization affect American settlers throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
America settlers would impose its industrial strength on Native Americans driving them onto marginal lands.
What is the Estate General
An assembly that represented the entire French population through three political classes, the clergy were the first estate, nobles the second and everyone else was in the third estates.
How did Edmund Burke feel about the American and French Revolutions
Approved of the American Revolution as natural and necessary change. He denounced the French Revolution as a radical, chaotic and irresponsible assault on society.
What are the key events in the rise of Napoleon to power
Became an army general at the age of twenty-four. Won numerous military battles for revolutionary France. Overthrew the Directory, imposed a new constitution and by 1804 crowned himself emperor of France.
Why was slavery entrenched in Saint-Domingue
Because Saint-Domingue was a major center of sugar production and sugar was in great demand in Europe making it a wealthy crop. And slaves were the best labor for sugar.
Why was the abolition of slavery a much bigger challenge than ending the slave trade
Because owners had property rights in their slaves. Wealthy elites resisted efforts to alter the slave system that provided them with abundant inexpensive labor.
When did the campaign to end slavery begin
Beginning in the 1780s.
When was the French Revolution
Broke out in July 1789 and ended when Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the revolutionaries and later set himself up as the emperor of France.
What effect did the abolition of slavery have on the freed slaves in society
Brought legal freedom, but it did not bring political equality. Freed slaves were prevented from voting.
Who is Boukman
Charismatic Vodou priest who organized a slave revolt in August 1791. Boukman died while fighting shortly after launching the revolt.
What Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas were affected by the Revolutionary ideas
Colonies in Central and South America.
Define the relationship between the thirteen colonies and Britain in the mid-eighteenth century.
Colonies regarded themselves as British subjects; they recognized British law, prospered from British trade, and British military protected colonists' interests.
What is conservatism
Conservatism arose as a political and social response to challenge the American and French revolutions, Conservatives viewed society as an organism that changed slowly over the generations.
Who is Edmund Burke
Conservative eighteenth century English political philosopher.
Why did Napoleon invade Russia in 1812
Convinced that the Russian tsar was conspiring with his British enemies, Napoleon invaded Russia.
Who is Simon bolivar
Creole elite who led the movement for independence in South America. Fervent republican steeped in enlightenment ideas and inspired by George Washington. He took up arms against the Spanish in 1811. Bolivar's goal was to weld the former Spanish colonies of South American into a great confederation like the United States - By 1830 he will have failed.
What people would the expansion of revolutionary ideas most affect in the Iberian colonies
Creoles
What was the condition of Italy and Germany during the nineteenth century before each country became unified
Disunited, a variety of regional kingdoms, city-states, and religious states. Princes divided Germany into more than three hundred jurisdictions.
What effect did revolution have on North America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
During the 1700s, thirteen British colonies rebelled and won their independence forming a new republic, the United States of America.
Who did industrialization affect first during the nineteenth century
During the 1800s, Britain was first to industrialize, then Western Europe and North America, and eventually Russia and Japan.
Why did the Assembly declare war against Austria and Prussia in April 1792
Efforts by the French nobility to restore the king to power and mobilize foreign powers gave the Assembly the pretext to declare war against Austria and Prussia.
What was the effect of Napoleon's Russia campaign on his enemies
Emboldened his enemies whose armies converged on France and defeated Napoleon.
What effect did revolutions have on the organization of societies in the Atlantic Ocean basin
Encouraged the formation of national identities, mobilize popular support, and often enjoyed success in conflicts.
How did Enlightenment thought affect the conservative views of women and their roles in family and society
Enlightenment ideas of freedom and equality not only should apply to governments but also to the family and society.
Who is Voltaire and what issues did he address
Enlightenment thinker who called for religious toleration and freedom to express their views openly in the press.
What is the centrality of suffrage in the age of revolutions
Establishing a people's and nation's sense of democratic legitimacy and political sovereignty, by defining either the right or the privilege to vote. Also governments deriving authority from the consent of the governed.
Who dominated much of the world during the period from 1750 to 1914, explain
European peoples, because they established the principal maritime links between the world's regions.
What is the battle of Yorktown
Final military confrontation of the war for independence, George Washington defeated the British in 1781.
Apart from affecting individual lands, the revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had two results of deep global significance, what are they
First, the spread of enlightenment ideas and the establishing of states in the interest of people not rulers. Second, it consolidated national states under a powerful sense of identity.
Who is Francois-Dominique Toussaint
Former slave and military leader of the Haitian revolution, he lead the slave forces that eventually overcame white settlers, gens de couleur, and foreign armies.
How did the societies, in the absence of a revolution that toppled ruling elites, fair when reformers worked to restructure society and increase global influence
Found it difficult to bring about meaningful change, because privileged classes resisted change that threatened their position in their societies.
What was the final outcome for France in 1814
France lost its war against the rest of Europe and the French monarchy was restored.
Who lead the movement to end slavery
Freed slaves and Christians.
What are the Enlightenment values
Freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty ruled by the will of the people.
What are the Enlightenment ideals
Freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen and how was it deficient
French Revolutionary leader's proclamation of freedom and equality for all French citizens but not for women.
Who is Marie Gouze
French butcher's daughter during the French Revolution, she was a revolutionary and a strong advocate of women's rights.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau and what did he argue for in his book The Social Contract
French enlightenment thinker who argued that members of a society were collectively the sovereign, they would participate directly and the general will of the people would carry the day.
How did suffrage evolve from the eighteenth to the twentieth century
From the limited privilege to everyone, the more people allowed to vote the more credible a countries democracy is.
What type of governments did the revolutionaries of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries seek to fashion
Governments that were responsive to the needs and interests of the peoples they governed.
How did Napoleon feel about the enlightened ideas of the French Revolution
He approved the Enlightenment ideal of equality.
What did John Stuart Mill believe about the majority
He argued that it was improper for the majority to impose its will on the minorities with different interests and values.
What was Edmund Burke's ideology
He believed society was a compact between a people's ancestor, the present generation, and their unborn descendants, that change should be gradual and by consensus.
Who is Theodor Herzl and what affect did he have on the Jewish people
He organized the first Zionist Congress and argued that Jews should migrate to a land they could call their own - Palestine. The Jewish state of Israel was established in 1948.
What did John Stuart Mill believe about the minority
He tried to ensure that powerful minorities would not curb the freedoms of the poor majority.
What was the final outcome for Napoleon in 1814
He was forced to abdicate his throne and was exiled to an island in the Mediterranean. He would escape and rule for 100 day before being defeated and exiled to an island in the Atlantic, where he died in 1821.
What was Napoleon's response to Toussaint's Saint-Domingue revolt in 1802
He was provoked. Napoleon dispatched forty thousand troops to restore French authority in Saint-Domingue. Toussaint was captured and jailed in France where he died in 1803.
How did King Louis XVI contribute to the causes of the French Revolution
He was unable to raise more money from the poor, so he increased taxes on the rich who rejected his efforts then called for the Estates General to help the king rule.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte
He would end the French Revolution and impose military rule on France later setting himself up as emperor.
How did industrialization in the nineteenth century affect political, military, and economic strength
Helped fund the processes of imperialism, colonialism and military technologies. Making industrialized nations more powerful than agricultural societies.
What is the Civil Code promulgated by Napoleon in 1804
Helped stabilize French society, and established a merit-based society in which talent rather than birth or social standing determined how a man was judged.
How did the gens de couleur contribute to the cause of civil war in Saint-Domingue in May of 1791
Hundreds of Gens de couleur's who fought in the American war of independence returned with intentions of reforming society, demanding political and legal equality.
How much empire did Napoleon conquer with his army
Iberian and Italian peninsulas, occupied the Netherlands, and defeated Austrian and Prussian forces.
What is the constitutional convention
In 1787, representatives from the thirteen colonies met to draft a new system of republican government which emphasized the rights of individuals and popular sovereignty.
What would eventually happen to King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette
In 1793, went to the guillotine when the convention found them guilty of treason.
What are the causes of Brazilian Independence
In 1807, Napoleon's invasion of Portugal forced the king to flee to Brazil. When the king returned to Portugal he placed Pedro, his son, in charge of Brazil. In 1822, Pedro declared Brazil's independence and became Emperor Pedro I.
When and how was Italy unified as a nation
In 1860, the practical political leaders combined forces with nationalist advocates of independence to unify Italy.
How would slavery test the limits of revolutionary ideals
In the wake of the Atlantic revolutions, social activists considered the possibility that the ideals of freedom and equality might have further implications - including the freedom of slaves.
What effect did independence have on former Spanish colonies in Latin America
Independence brought little social change, society remained rigidly stratified, slavery was sustained, the wealth and authority of the Roman Catholic Church remained corrupt and the poor continued to be repressed.
From the 1820s through the 1840s, a wave of rebellions inspired by nationalist sentiments swept through Europe, what were their common themes
Inspired by constitutional governments based on popular sovereignty, demanded independence and the formation of national states.
What effect did the American and French Revolutions have on other lands throughout the world
Inspired fights for independence and freedom, caused nations to abolish slavery and it reorganized political and social structured.
What did the Convention accomplish
It abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic. It raised an army to fight wars and rooted out enemies at home.
What effect would the efforts of the Women's Rights Movement have on the nineteenth century
It laid a foundation that would lead to large-scale social change in equality and voting rights for women.
What effect would the concordat pact have on France
It would win Napoleon a great deal of support from the people of France who rejected the "cult of reason" religion of the revolutionaries.
Who is Giuseppe Mazzini and what did he believe
Italian nationalist who promoted independence, he likened the nation to a family and the nation's territory to the family home.
How large was the Saint-Domingue Slave Revolt of 1791
Large enough for France, Britain and Spain to intervene with military forces in 1792 to restore order.
Who is Maximilien Robespierre
Leader of the Convention at its revolutionary peak in 1793 and 1794. Ruthless but popular. He started the reign of terror to promote his revolutionary agenda.
Who is William Wilberforce
Leading antislavery movement spokesman, prominent English philanthropist elected in 1780to a seat in Parliament. He would first outlaw the slave trade which would later lead to the abolishing of slavery.
Who is John Stuart Mill
Liberal nineteenth century English philosopher, economist, and social reformer. He promoted the freedom of individuals to pursue economic and intellectual interests.
What is the ideology of Liberalism
Liberals took change as normal and welcomed it as the agent of progress. For liberals the task of political and social theory was not to stifle change but to manage it in the best interests of society.
Where were most Enlightenment thinkers from and what were their motives
Men of common birth, who sought to increase their influence and enhance their status in society. They did not envision a society in which they would share political rights with everyone.
What benefit did the American rebels have over the British at the beginning of the war for independence
Military and economic support from European states that were eager to chip away at the British Empire. And George Washington who provided strong military leadership for the colonies.
How did Napoleon view representative government
Napoleon was no champion of freedom or representative government. He limited free speech and censored newspapers.
What is the Concordat pact
Napoleon's agreement with the pope and Catholic Church, stating Christianity was the preferred faith of France.
What are the causes for Mexican independence in the early nineteenth century
Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal, which weakened the power of Spain and Portugal to rule their colonies in the Americas.
What is the Convention
New legislative body that overthrew the National Assembly.
How did Enlightenment values spread
Not naturally. They spread when social reformers and revolutionaries claimed and fought for rights previously denied to them by ruling authorities and elite classes.
Why was slavery in Mexico abolished in 1829
Not solely for humanitarian reasons. It stopped the influx of southern slave owners from coming into Mexico with their slaves to grow cotton.
What is the National Assembly and how was it established
On 17 June 1789, representatives of the third estate seceded from the Estates General and proclaimed themselves to be the National Assembly.
What is the Storming of the Bastille
One 14 July 1789, supporters of the National Assembly, stormed the Bastille, a royal jail and arsenal in search of weapons. Military defenders of the Bastille were gruesomely killed sparking insurrections throughout France.
How did Enlightenment values progress over time from their original origins
Originally served the interests of the privileged male, but would advance to include everyone seeking the extension of political rights.
Who is Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Parish priest who led a peasant rebellion in Mexico, 1810. He rallied the native people rise up against colonial rule. He was eventually executed.
In 1833, how did the British Empire abolish slavery
Parliament provided twenty million pounds sterling as compensation to slave owners to abolish slavery.
What fiscal problems put France on the road to revolution in the 1780s
Paying off war debt, especially from French support of colonists in the war for American independence.
What is the Peace of Paris
Peace conference in France officially ending the American Revolution in 1783, by which the British government formally recognized American independence.
During the nineteenth century, how was political nationalism different from cultural nationalism
Political nationalism became much more forceful than cultural nationalism - demanding loyalty and solidarity from its members.
What did the revolutionaries of the eighteen and nineteenth centuries argue for
Popular sovereignty - the notion that legitimate political authority resides not in kings but in the people who make up a society.
What is the Declaration of Independence
Presented a list of abuses charged to the British crown and concluded by proclaiming the colonies "Free and Independent States."
Throughout history how were societies ruled
Primarily Kings and emperors. Occasionally there were some small democratic societies. Some societies relied on aristocratic government, in which privileged elites supervised public affairs.
Who is Otto von Bismarck and how did he succinctly express his realistic approach to Germany's nationalist problem
Prime minister of Prussia. "The politics of reality - the great question of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority vote but by blood and iron."
What is the Quartering Act
Provision for housing British troops.
What is a nation as defined by the nineteenth century
Refers to a type of community that became especially prominent in the nineteenth century - individuals who associate themselves with the same regions, religion and culture.
What is the Congress of Vienna
Representatives of the great powers that defeated Napoleon attempted to restore the prerevolutionary order in Europe.
What effect would the Congress of Vienna eventually have on the European balance of power
Restored the thrones lost during the Napoleonic era, and created a diplomatic order based on a balance of power that prevented any one state from dominating the others.
How did revolution, industry, and empire fuel conflict throughout the world in the nineteenth century
Revolution, industrialization, and imperialism strengthened those nations position in the world. These stronger nations exercised political and economic influence over weaker societies, which fueled conflict.
How were the American and French Revolutions different
Revolutionaries in France were unable to devise a stable alternative to the monarchy and experienced a long period of turmoil whereas the American Revolution under George Washington's leadership was successful.
Why was the Convention created
Revolutionary leaders who feared military defeat and counterrevolution created the convention.
What was the key to women's rights and how successful were women at achieving this right
Right to vote, this was not successful early-on in the revolutionary age.
Why did Maximilien Robespierre's reign of terror regime finally end
Robespierre's instability as a revolutionary leaders undermined the confidence of his supporters, he would eventually be arrested, convicted of tyranny, and sent to the guillotine.
What was the outcome of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812
Russians set Moscow on fire, leaving Napoleon without shelter or supplies. The Russian winter destroyed his army.
Who is John Locke and what theory did he formulate in his Second Treatise of Civil Government?
Seventeenth century English political philosopher who believed sovereignty should be relocated, removing it from rulers as divine agents and vesting it in people of a society.
Who is John Locke and what theory did he formulate in his Second Treatise of Civil Government?
Seventeenth century English political philosopher, who espoused that because individuals voluntarily formed society and established government, rulers derived their authority from the consent of those whom they governed.
What was the outcome of Marie Gouze's campaign
She received little support, was dismissed as a stunt, and was executed in the end.
How did the American and French revolutions encourage social reform
Sought to extend Enlightenment ideals to women and slaves.
What is the Townshend Act
Tax on imported goods.
What is the Sugar Act
Tax on molasses
What is the Stamp Act
Tax on publications.
What is the Tea Act
Tax on tea
What lessons can be learned from the unification efforts of Italy and Germany during the nineteenth century
That when coupled with strong political, diplomatic, and military leadership, nationalism had enormous potential to unify a people into a powerful nation.
Summarize the effects of Enlightenment ideas.
The Enlightenment ideas sparked the American Revolution which in turn started the French Revolution and would eventually spread throughout Europe and the Americans. Today most countries exist and operate on these ideas.
What are the differences between the American Revolution with the French Revolution
The French Revolution escalated into chaos and ended in Napoleon becoming emperor and military dictator, whereas the American Revolution ended in the success of democratic government under the leadership of President Washington.
What affect did the French and Indian War have on the relationship between the colonies and Britain after the war
The North American colonists became increasingly disenchanted with British imperial rule, because the British government imposed new tax laws attempting to extract money from the colonist to pay for the French and Indian War.
How did nationalism affect the people's political and religious loyalties
The common bonds increased the people's loyalty towards territory, religion and governments.
Why was eighteenth century Hispaniola important to Spain
The economic force of sugar and slaves.
What is industrialization
The harnessing of inanimate sources of energy and organizing production in factories. This produced high-quality goods at low cost.
What affect would Napoleon have on the emergence of national communities in Europe
The national consciousness surged in reaction to the arrival of revolutionary and Napoleonic armies. They bonded in defense of their nation against napoleon.
How did Napoleon Bonaparte come to power
The new Directory was unable to resolve the economic and military problems that plagued revolutionary France and in November 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup d'état and seized power.
What did the National Assembly call for
The new National Assembly swore not to disband until they had provided France with a new constitution.
How was France affected by the American Revolution
The success of the American Revolution inspired the people of France to transform their own society and establish a republic based on enlightened values.
What effect did the Estate General's organizational structure have on its capabilities to govern
The third estate outnumbered the other two estates but had only one vote of the three. Therefore the voting was unfair to a majority of the French people.
How did the white settlers of Saint-Domingue contribute to the causes of the civil war in 1791
The white settlers of Saint-Domingue sought the right to govern themselves in the wake of the French Revolution.
Why did civil war break out in Saint-Domingue in May of 1791
The white settlers opposed political and legal equality to the gens de couleur causing civil war between the two groups.
What is the paradox of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States, concerning their purpose
They both declared freedom, equality and inalienable rights for everyone but they only granted them to certain people, so not everyone was free and not everyone was equal and not everyone had individual rights.
What was the colonists' response to the British policies listed above
They boycotted British products, physically attacked British officials, accomplished the Boston Tea Party, and organized the Continental Congress.
What was the effect of the American and French revolutions on Europe and the Americas
They inspired revolutionary movements in both Europe and the Americas.
How did eighteenth century cultural nationalist seek to deepen appreciation for the historical experiences of the community and foster pride in its cultural accomplishments
Through song, history, literature, poems and similar values.
Revolutionary leaders in Europe and the Americas readily adopted Enlightenment ideas, why
To justify their efforts to overhaul the political and social structures of their day.
For what French rights did Marie Gouze campaign
To raise the standing of women in French society through more education, equal property rights, and right to vote.
How were slaves treated in Saint-Domingue during the late eighteenth century
Toiled in the fields under brutal conditions, slaves were overworked, taken very little care of and had a high mortality rate. Many would run away.
What was the outcome of the Haitian revolution in 1801
Toussaint controlled Saint-Domingue, he promulgated a constitutions that granted equality to all residents of Saint-Domingue. He stopped short of declaring independence from France for fear of provoking Napoleon.
What did Bismarck accomplish during his rule as prime minister of Prussia
Unification of Germany, expanded the Prussian army, intentionally provoked three wars shattering their opponents and proclaimed himself emperor of the Second Reich.
What is the French and Indian War, who won and what was its effect on the British North American colonies
War between France and Britain for imperial supremacy over North America from 1754 to 1763. Britain won and the North American colonies would prosper.
How did the French revolution and the Napoleonic era inspire nationalism
Wartime experiences encouraged peoples throughout Europe to think of themselves as members of distinctive national communities.
In Germany as in Italy, how did unification come about
When political leaders harnessed nationalist aspirations is when both Germany and Italy would unify into their own states.
What crucial roles would women play in the revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and what effect would it have on women's rights at that time
Women during this revolutionary period would participate equally with men. Women who contributed to the revolutionary causes planted the seed for their own freedom later.
What inspired women to seek equality with men through social reform and how successful were they
Women participating alongside men in the movement to abolish slavery inspired them to seek equality with men - they had little success.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Written in August 1789, reflecting the influence of American revolutionary ideas, it proclaimed equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people, and asserted individual rights to freedom.
What was the result of Napoleon's actions in Saint-Domingue in 1804
Yellow fever had ravaged the French army and Toussaint's generals defeated the remaining troops and drove them out of the colony. Haiti would become an independent republic by 1804.
What was the cause of Anti-Semitism and what was its effect on Jews
Zionism, the belief that Jewish people constitute a nation and should have their own homeland. Nations became distrustful of Jewish minority populations and persecuted them.