C431
From January 1 through March 1, there were 100 people in a small town diagnosed with influenza. The town has a population of 1,200 people. During the remainder of the year, there were an additional 150 cases of influenza documented. What is the incidence risk of influenza in this town from March 1 through the end of the year? 150/1,100 = 0.136 150/1,200 = 0.125 250/1,100 = 0.227 250/1,200 = 0.208
150/1,100 = 0.136
Researchers want to see how blood pressure levels are associated with various body mass index (BMI) levels for a group of participants. The sample and frequencies are as follows: Blood Pressure BMI Categories Overweight (n, %) Obese (n, %) n = 122 n=150 Normal 29 (23.8%) 31 (20.7%) Borderline Hypertension 41 (33.6%) 42 (28%) Hypertension Stage 1 35 (28.6%) 51 (34%) Hypertension Stage 2 17 (14%) 26 (17.3%) Which percentage of participants is diagnosed with hypertension for those in the overweight BMI category? 14% 28.6% 34% 42.6%
42.6%
As of July 1, the population of a rural town was 34,000. Of those residents, 2,000 have psoriasis, including 1,500 people over the age of 40 and 500 people under the age of 40. What is the point prevalence for psoriasis for people under age 40 in this town? 500/2,000 = 0.25 or 25% 1,500/2,000 = 0.75 or 75% 500/34,000 = 0.015 or 1.5% 1,500/34,000 = 0.044 or 4.4%
500/34,000 = 0.015 or 1.5%
Over the past few years, there have been many outbreaks of influenza, a highly infectious disease, in long term care and residential settings. To address these outbreaks, many organizations have researched standard protocols relating to initial care for the patients when the disease is initially detected. Treatment protocols of early intervention have led to positive case results. Which initial intervention, with respect to evidence-based practice, will decrease the transmission of influenza? Administering the medication in a timely manner Providing easy access to the desired medication Providing access to more affordable brands of medication Ensuring there are no contraindications for the medication
Administering the medication in a timely manner
A clinical manager of a hospital's tobacco cessation program is seeking new, effective clinical guidelines. Which source should the manager consult? Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services National Association of Health Data Organizations National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
The following table presents data about the 10 most common principal diagnoses for children in 2012: Rank Principal Diagnosis Stays, n Rate of stays per 100,000 population 1 Pneumonia (except that caused by tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases) 124,900 169.2 2 Acute bronchitis 123,600 167.6 3 Asthma 123,100 166.8 4 Mood disorders 106,600 144.4 5 Appendicitis and other appendiceal conditions 71,900 97.4 6 Epilepsy, convulsions 69,900 94.7 7 Skin and subcutaneous tissue infections 59,300 80.4 8 Fluid and electrolyte disorders 47,600 64.5 9 Maintenance chemotherapy, radiotherapy 41,500 56.3 10 Urinary tract infections 41,200 55.8 Which type of chart should be used to show the different rates per 100,000 for the top three diagnoses: pneumonia, bronchitis and asthma? Bar graph Line graph Radar graph Surface graph
Bar graph
Ebola is a potentially fatal disease that has recently spread throughout several continents. Following this outbreak, the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization strongly encouraged screening at multiple levels while using epidemiology to study and gather information about best practices for preventing and treating this disease. Why should these organizations use epidemiology to gather information about potential carriers? Because epidemiological studies will give healthcare organizations the financial impact of Ebola in the United States. Because epidemiological studies will give organizations the right to send infected patients back to home countries. Because gathering information is helpful for insurance companies to know which clients are at high risk and need premium increases. Because having the most accurate information helps healthcare workers protect themselves and others while providing the best care for infected patients.
Because having the most accurate information helps healthcare workers protect themselves and others while providing the best care for infected patients.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that hospital-acquired infections affect up to 1 in 25 patients, leading to significant patient morbidity and mortality. Why should evidence-based practice be applied to address this issue? Because it applies scientific evidence from peer-reviewed clinical research. Because it applies nonclinical therapy to promote delivery of quality of care. Because it uses research from nonmedical journals to promote quality care. Because it uses information systems to collect current timely data for analysis.
Because it applies scientific evidence from peer-reviewed clinical research.
Several couples participated in an in vitro fertilization clinical drug trial. The researcher has noticed a high rate of complications when using the drug. How should the researcher mitigate the risks? Choose 2 answers By evaluating the outliers By changing the protocol By simplifying the study design By revising the inclusion criteria
By changing the protocol By revising the inclusion criteria
A researcher conducted a multi-state study on the relationship between antibiotic use and readmission rates to hospitals within 30 days for pneumonia patients. The sample for the study was n = 300,000. There was a significant difference, but the researcher is concerned that the large sample size may be causing problems. Which approach would help the researcher interpret these results? Plotting the distribution Changing the alpha value Calculating the effect size Increasing the confidence interval
Calculating the effect size
A doctor needs to develop clinical guidelines for a rare psychiatric disorder. Which evidence is appropriate for this situation? Case reports Systematic review Cross-sectional survey Randomized controlled trials
Case reports
A medical director needs to determine the treatment protocols appropriate to use for Ebola patients. The medical director finds a peer-reviewed article outlining a protocol. Which research approach provides the highest strength of evidence and should be used by this medical director? Case study Case-control study Cross-sectional survey Randomized controlled trial
Case study
Researchers want to know which group of patients by race is frequently seen for each individual clinic. Given the following table: Facility Utilization Database Race White Black Hispanic Native American Asian Pacific Multi-racial Other/Unknown Facility A 2451 208 2773 66 587 304 312 Facility B 1053 1200 627 6 74 0 9 Facility C 1470 166 1240 0 341 164 95 Facility D 146 0 143 1 0 1 5 Facility E 191 0 3 2 0 0 1 Facility F 2569 40 1057 4 62 23 114 Facility G 486 22 450 4 88 25 321 Facility H 5373 152 4212 10 319 132 1214 What is an effective approach for capturing this information? Create a separate table for each clinic. Rank by race using raw data. Sum the totals for race by clinic. Enter the percent by race for each clinic. Calculate the percentage of patients by race for each clinic. Enter into Table 1. Use the median for all clinics by race. Rank the clinics by their median distribution.
Create a separate table for each clinic. Rank by race using raw data.
A screening study is performed to determine the prevalence of colon cancer in 10,000 subjects in a rural community. Researchers are examining the efficacy between a fecal occult blood (stool) sampling and a colonoscopy. The two-tailed test with a p value of 0.025 and a 95% confidence interval indicates that the colonoscopy screening provides a higher rate of early detection. Researchers have found that allowing the participant to select the screening test did not affect the findings compared to previous results. Which limitation of this study reduces the credibility of the report? Confounders are difficult to control in this study. Data collection on a large sample size is difficult. The respondent bias affects this cross-sectional study. Causality is determined by the screening method in this study.
Data collection on a large sample size is difficult.
A hospital administrator using statistical models and evidence-based practice decided that efficiencies were needed to improve operating room utilization. Based on the current usage patterns the administrator closed one operating room on Sunday nights. Which type of statistical data would have helped the administrator come to this decision? Data that show operating room case mix index Data that show surgical discounted fees for service Data that show prospective and retrospective revenue Data that show operating room usage variance status
Data that show operating room usage variance status
A screening study is performed to determine the prevalence of colon cancer in 10,000 subjects in a rural community. Researchers are examining the efficacy between a fecal occult blood (stool) sampling and a colonoscopy. The two-tailed test with a p value of 0.025 and a 95% confidence interval indicates that the colonoscopy screening provides a higher rate of early detection. Researchers have found that allowing the participant to select the screening test did not affect the findings compared to previous results. Which bias in the report reduces credibility? Attrition bias Detection bias Reporting bias Respondent bias
Detection bias
A hospital administrator conducts a patient satisfaction survey. Using a random sample of 100 participants in the survey, the overall mean satisfaction score is 6.8, with a standard deviation of 1.0 (on a scale from 1 to 10, a score of 7 indicates a moderate degree of satisfaction). The administrator concludes that the typical patient in the hospital population is moderately satisfied. What should the administrator do with these data? Determine if survey results are applicable Ignore the data due to a low response rate Ignore the data since the average response is seven Determine the source of dissatisfaction by analyzing the data
Determine if survey results are applicable
A recent week-long cruise ended early when a majority of passengers became ill with norovirus. The day before the outbreak, passengers had dined at a large buffet onboard the ship. The cruise had visited several islands, allowing passengers to eat, drink, and explore the different cultures before returning home. What contributed to the spread of this disease? Prevalence factors Sociocultural factors Demographic factors Environmental factors
Environmental factors
Lung cancer is deemed by experts to be a terminal illness. The survival rates may be influenced by treatment or supportive care. The survival curve below indicates a survival rate within a group of patients over time using different treatment approaches. How can the survival curve be used to show treatment response? Evaluate effectiveness of treatment over time Differentiate ineffectiveness by type of cancer Differentiate ineffectiveness by treatment type Evaluate effectiveness of treatment over medications
Evaluate effectiveness of treatment over time
A clinical manager at a community health center has asked an intern to develop a pilot study on the effectiveness of two alternative approaches to breast cancer education. The intern wants to measure the knowledge women have about breast cancer before and after the distribution of a brochure or before and after a session with the physician. Which methodology will provide information about the effectiveness of one cancer education method over the other? Evaluating participants' knowledge Analyzing participants' medical records Surveying participants about the experience Videotaping participants reading the brochure
Evaluating participants' knowledge
A researcher investigates the fast-food spending habits of teenagers at a local, rural high school with 150 students. The researcher develops a survey, collects the necessary data, analyzes the data, and quickly realizes that the findings can only be compared to other similarly sized rural high schools with demographics similar to the one studied. The researcher, however, decides to generalize findings to larger schools and regions. Which type of threat to the research design has occurred? Internal validity External validity Internal reliability External reliability
External validity
A recent outbreak of whooping cough has been tied to a local daycare center. The medical community is concerned that community immunity is the issue. Which consideration factor impacts community immunity in this situation? Immunization refusal Efficacy of immunizations Preservatives in immunizations Immunization adverse reactions
Immunization refusal
A new blood pressure lowering medication is tested on a group of patients. The average systolic blood pressure of patients who did not receive the medication is 138 mm Hg, and the average systolic blood pressure of patients who did receive the medication is 126 mm Hg. A t-test was used to compare the two outcomes. The 95% confidence interval was 10.23 to 13.77, and the 99% confidence interval was 9.68 to 14.33. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the groups. What is the correct interpretation of this study's results? Using the 95% confidence interval, one fails to reject the null hypothesis. Using the 99% confidence interval, one fails to accept the null hypothesis. Increasing the confidence interval from 95% to 99% decreases the probability of accepting the null hypothesis. Increasing the confidence interval from 95% to 99% decreases the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis.
Increasing the confidence interval from 95% to 99% decreases the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis.
A healthcare administrator is aware of the Institute of Medicine's report addressing root causes of negative patient outcomes. Two of the systemic problems identified in the report are staff working conditions and clinical processes. To address these concerns and make improvements, the administrator decided to implement evidence-based decision making practices using statistical data. What are two reasons this administrator used statistics to impact the decision making? Choose 2 answers It allows for quantification of nursing adherence to protocols. It allows for testing of means squares for clinician outcomes. It allows for factoring of the significance for patient satisfaction. It allows for analysis of the research variable "staff satisfaction."
It allows for quantification of nursing adherence to protocols. It allows for analysis of the research variable "staff satisfaction."
People over age 65 are the largest group of users of healthcare services. As age increases, a corresponding increase in healthcare expenditures is also observed. Why should a Pearson Correlation be used to test this relationship? It compares means between two groups. It compares more than two means between groups. It determines the impacts of variables on outcomes. It determines the associations between two variables.
It determines the associations between two variables.
Yearly dental visits are important to maintain dental health. The frequency of dental visits appears to vary by race. Statistics show that 28% of African-Americans, 42% of Caucasians, and 30% of Latinos see a dentist at least once a year. Why is the Chi-square test appropriate to use in this situation? It determines the utilization of dental visits by race. It measures correlation between dental visits and race. It determines whether dental visits are independent of race. It measures the odds of having a dental visit depending on race.
It determines whether dental visits are independent of race.
A skilled nursing facility administrator has noticed that patient satisfaction scores are low when compared to the national average. Why should evidence-based practice be used to improve these patient scores? It focuses on the delivery of patient-centered care. It uses a higher nurse-to-patient ratio to ensure 24-hour care. It uses newly approved pharmaceutical therapies to test efficacy. It focuses on the treatment of disease using the medical model.
It focuses on the delivery of patient-centered care.
The administrator of a youth substance abuse program is concerned about the difficulties in engaging and retaining referred youths in the 12-session treatment program. The administrator decided to study the factors that might explain differences in treatment engagement and retention. The sample consisted of participants from two different studies, and only participants who received a treatment intervention were included in the sample. The sample group consisted of participants with substance abuse who had attended 10 or fewer of their treatment sessions. Case Number Main Substance Abused Age Number of Treatment Sessions Attended 1 alcohol 16 10 2 marijuana 14 12 3 cocaine 15 3 4 heroine 17 0 5 other 12 4 6 alcohol 15 9 7 marijuana 13 11 8 cocaine 14 5 9 heroine 16 1 10 alcohol 15 8 Why should group frequency be avoided using this data set? The data is unevenly distributed by cases. It requires a normal distribution to be used. The group frequency fails to confirm subject age. It is restricted to use for a large amount of categories.
It is restricted to use for a large amount of categories.
Working adults appear to sleep fewer hours per day. Researchers have studied the relationship between hours of sleep per day and calorie consumption in adults. For every one hour increase in sleep, calorie consumption decreases by 294 calories (r=-0.82). Why is this statistic appropriate for this situation? It tests the difference between the hours of sleep and calorie consumption. It infers a causal relationship between hours of sleep and calorie consumption. It determines the factors that impact both the hours of sleep and calorie consumption. It measures the strength of the association between hours of sleep and calorie consumption.
It measures the strength of the association between hours of sleep and calorie consumption.
A treatment center administrator evaluated an outreach intervention to motivate parents of substance-abusing adolescents to participate in their children's treatment. Thirty of the 50 parents who receive the intervention participate, and 20 do not. Of the 50 parents who do not receive the motivational intervention, 20 participate and 30 do not. Those Who Participated (n=50) Those Who Did Not Participate (n=50) Received Intervention 30 20 Did Not Receive Intervention 20 30 Why should these data be avoided after testing? Expected frequency values of less than 10 Expected frequency values of less than 20 Lack of expected frequency values of less than 10 Lack of expected frequency values of less than 20
Lack of expected frequency values of less than 10
A researcher is studying whether current exercise guidelines for reducing blood pressure (BP) are applicable to older persons. This study design was a six-month randomized controlled trial of combined aerobic and resistance training; controls followed usual physical activity and diet advice. Participants (ages 55-75 years) had untreated systolic BP (SBP) of 130 to 159 mm Hg or diastolic BP (DBP) of 85 to 99 mm Hg. There were 51 exercisers and 53 controls who completed the trial. The overall mean ± SD age was 63.6 ± 5.7. There were mean decreases in both SBP and DBP, respectively, among exercisers and among controls (p < 0.001 for all). There were no significant group differences in mean SBP change from baseline. The mean DBP reduction was greater among exercisers. Body composition improvements explained 8% of the SBP reduction (p = 0.006) and 17% of the DBP reduction (p < 0.001). Which two pieces of data should be used to make a conclusion from this study? Choose 2 answers Group BMI values Mean blood pressure P values for both groups Body composition means
Mean blood pressure P values for both groups
Several couples participated in an in vitro fertilization clinical drug trial. The researcher has noticed a high rate of complications when using the drug. Which treatment harm is posed by this clinical trial? Severe endometriosis Excessive office visits Postpartum depression Multiple embryo pregnancy
Multiple embryo pregnancy
Participants of a study will be completing a survey that asks several questions about their sexual activity. In an effort to reduce the risk of psychological harm to the participants, the researcher will effectively communicate and provide documentation of what the study entails. Which action needs to be taken to protect participants and reduce risks? Collecting data Developing protocol Obtaining informed consent Documenting rationale
Obtaining informed consent
The chief financial officer has asked an administrator to confirm the incentive payment schedule and amount for eligible professionals who adopt an electronic health record and can demonstrate its meaningful use. Which organization will provide this information? Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
The average length of stay (ALOS) for hip replacement surgery at a local hospital is 7 days compared to the national average of 4.2 days. The nurse manager learned that early mobilization and aggressive discharge planning is effective. Which outcome indicates these practices have proven efficiency? Post-operative infection rates are lower Patients are discharged after fewer days. Thirty-day re-admission rates are reduced. The number of cases for discharge planning declines.
Patients are discharged after fewer days.
A chief of medicine is reviewing the current treatment protocol for simple pneumonia patients. New medications are available that might improve patient outcomes and reduce the inpatient stay. The chief of medicine asks an assistant to contact the pharmacist to research possible benefits for these new medications and the impact on the treatment protocol. Which evidence-based practice process step is demonstrated in this situation? Organizing findings Performing the search Identifying target resources Appraising trustworthiness
Performing the search
A needle exchange program is being implemented, and the primary objective of this program is to lessen the threat to individual and public health posed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The needle exchange program will only offer new syringes to known HIV positive intravenous (IV) drug users. Which two risks does this program present for the community and individuals? Choose 2 answers Physical risk Emotional risk Economic risk Confidentiality risk
Physical risk Confidentiality risk
Hospital records indicate a total of 136 patients were admitted for inpatient treatment of an infectious disease during the past year. The infections and recorded frequencies are listed below. Bacterial infection frequency Bacterial infection frequency Viral infection frequency Intestinal 49 Strep throat 7 Exanthemas 7 TB (respiratory) 9 Septicemia 14 Hepatitis 15 TB (non respiratory) 4 Other bacterial 7 Other viral 24 Which graphic should be used to visually represent these data for publication? Box plot Pie chart Line graph Scatter plot
Pie chart
The manager of a residential treatment center needs to assess whether the youths improve on a measure of trauma symptoms in the time between their admission to the center and their graduation from the center. The measure is a 15-item self-report scale that the youths complete by indicating how often they experience or do certain undesirable things such as have nightmares, have angry outbursts, or experience sadness resulting from trauma suffered before admission to the center. The center uses highly trained and experienced staff for well-funded programs (program 1) and less trained and inexperienced staff for under-funded programs (program 2). Paired Samples Mean N Standard Deviation Standard Error Mean Pretest Score 44.7 50 8.17 1.16 Posttest Score 19.4 50 5.33 0.75 Paired-Samples Test Mean Standard Deviation Standard Error Mean t df Significance (2-tailed) Pair 1 25.3 11.36 1.61 15.718 49 0 Which two forms of data should be used to assess improvement? Choose 2 answers Number of trauma programs Prevalence of trauma symptoms Pretest and post-test score mean Total number of staff and clinicians
Prevalence of trauma symptoms Pretest and post-test score mean
A patient was transferred to a long-term care setting with an undiagnosed case of scabies (a skin parasite). This patient's arrival caused an outbreak of scabies at the rehabilitation facility. To treat the outbreak, the rehabilitation facility isolated the patients, researched the treatment options, and decided to give treatment to all patients to deter the outbreak from spreading based on the setting. Which evidence-based practice was used in this situation? Isolating all potentially infected patients in the area Ensuring other patients were not affected Providing skin care treatment for patients in isolation Communicating the information to local agencies
Providing skin care treatment for patients in isolation
The vice president of nursing at a large hospital is reviewing patient satisfaction scores from a recent survey that asked a series of questions about how patients felt about the care received. Which type of survey methodology was utilized in this study? Qualitative Quantitative Experimental Mixed-methods
Quantitative
A researcher wanted to investigate the effects of fast food restaurant availability on the local adult obesity epidemic over a period of five years. The hypothesis is that in a specific zip code the number of fast food establishments is positively associated with the number of obese adults. All fast food locations in a certain zip code have been identified, and physicians have been contacted to provide each patient's de-identified age, gender, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Patients will be placed in groups according to their weight and height. Which type of research was conducted? Qualitative case study Qualitative cohort study Quantitative case study Quantitative cohort study
Quantitative cohort study
A pharmaceutical company is currently testing a new drug. The physicians in the study do not know if they are prescribing the new drug or a previously used medication. Which type of research methodology is being used? Case study Cohort study Case control study Randomized control trial
Randomized control trial
Recent employee surveys at a local hospital have indicated that the nursing staff, particularly the staff on the third shift, has a much lower-than-average job satisfaction rating. Given the time and cost involved to hire and train replacement nurses, the vice president of nursing has contacted the vice president of human resources to discuss the situation. Which stage of the evidence-based process is this? Establish purpose Perform the search Formulate focused questions Recognize the need for information
Recognize the need for information
One of the negative effects of obesity is its impact on blood pressure. A research study found that for every additional 10 pounds of body weight, systolic blood pressure increases by 10 mm/Hg. (r=0.83, p value=0.03). What does the data determine in this scenario? Relationship between blood pressure and body weight Effect of average blood pressure on average body weight Odds of increasing blood pressure due to increasing body weight Difference between average blood pressure and average body weight
Relationship between blood pressure and body weight
A treatment center administrator assessed whether a new treatment is more effective than the routine treatment in reducing the number of serious behavioral incidents in the substance abuse program. A small sample was used, and only participants who received a treatment intervention were included in the sample. Group 1 consisted of participants with substance abuse who had attended a number of treatment sessions. Group 2 consisted of participants in new and routine treatment groups who had a number of behavioral incidents. The sample mean for the new treatment group is 6, and the sample mean for the routine treatment group is 5. Case ID Gender Ethnicity Age Treatment Group Number of Behavioral Incidents 1 Male Caucasian 7 New 0 2 Female Caucasian 12 New 0 3 Male Hispanic 9 New 1 4 Male African American 8 New 8 5 Female African American 10 Routine 1 6 Female Hispanic 9 New 2 7 Female Caucasian 10 New 0 8 Female African American 14 Routine 21 9 Female Hispanic 9 New 0 10 Female Other 13 Routine 3 Which data set should be used for an appropriate interpretation? Sample average for the combined groups Sample average difference between both groups Standard error mean for the new treatment group Standard error mean for the routine treatment group
Sample average difference between both groups
An analyst at a behavioral treatment center is planning to study the effectiveness of two treatment approaches for alleviating or preventing behavioral problems for children and adolescents who have been traumatized. Half of the patients at the treatment center received the center's routine array of treatments, and the other half received new treatments. Number of behavioral incidents Frequency (f) Number of children 0 6 1 4 2 4 3 6 4 4 5 9 6 6 7 3 8 2 9 1 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 1 14 1 15 1 16 1 17 1 18 1 19 1 20 1 21 1 22 1 Total (N) 50 How should the frequency data be used? Choose 2 answers Six children had three behavioral incidents Eight children had two behavioral incidents Two children had eight behavioral incidents Three children had seven behavioral incidents
Six children had three behavioral incidents Two children had eight behavioral incidents
A researcher examined the association between dietary sodium intake and mortality, incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), and incident heart failure (HF) in older adults. The researcher analyzed a 10-year follow-up from 2,642 older adults (age range, 71-80 years) participating in a community-based, one-year, prospective cohort study. Dietary sodium intake at baseline was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. The researcher examined sodium intake at the following levels: less than 1500 mg/d (291 participants [11.0 percent]), 1500 to 2300 mg/d (779 participants [29.5%]), and greater than 2300 mg/d (1572 participants [59.5 percent]). No consistent interactions with sex, race, or hypertensive status were observed for any outcome. Why should the researcher avoid using these data? Study time length was set incorrectly. Sodium intake was difficult to assess. Study sample population size was inappropriate. Participants were placed in the wrong age range.
Sodium intake was difficult to assess.
A hospital administrator is reviewing an employee attendance report. It appears that 92% of the healthcare workers elected to receive the influenza vaccination. Which problem is presented by the data? Some healthcare workers may become sick and spread influenza to others in the hospital. The hospital needs to increase its malpractice insurance to cover the spread of infection. The majority of healthcare workers are refusing or are opting out of receiving the vaccination. The hospital does not have an adequate supply of influenza vaccinations dedicated for its staff.
Some healthcare workers may become sick and spread influenza to others in the hospital.
A study examined whether children of mothers who smoked while pregnant tended to be physically underdeveloped compared to children whose mothers who did not smoke while pregnant. The study used a t-test to compare the weights of 354 elementary school children. What did the variables in this study test? The relationship between the children's weight given their mothers' weight The differences between a child's weight relative to the child's mother's weight The relationship of a mother's smoking status to the child's weight The difference between the children's weight relative to their mothers' smoking status
The difference between the children's weight relative to their mothers' smoking status
The Harm Reduction policy is being used to implement a needle exchange program. The needle exchange program will offer new syringes to known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive intravenous (IV) drug users but not to those who are HIV negative. What concern does the implementation of this program present to the community? The Harm Reduction policy is not the best method to use. The primary concern is HIV drug users not receiving protection. It will work to increase the number of new cases of HIV in the community. The needle exchange program is discriminating against the HIV negative group.
The needle exchange program is discriminating against the HIV negative group.
A skilled nursing facility (SNF) receives a patient satisfaction score of 4.3 out of 5 for patient discharge instructions. The standard average patient satisfaction score is 4.2 out of 5 for SNFs in the market area while the national average is 4.9. Which problem can be determined from this information? The discharge instructions fail to meet the needs of the patient. The discharge instructions should be evaluated using a compliance measure. The patient satisfaction scores are incapable of assessing discharge instructions. The patient satisfaction scores for patient discharge instructions should be higher.
The patient satisfaction scores for patient discharge instructions should be higher.
Researchers compare 348 third-grade students who have computers in their bedrooms. The researchers compare the length of time the students spend on the computer to their score on a science test. What is being tested in this study? The difference between "number of computer hours" and "passing rate of a science test" The relationship between "presence of computer in bedroom" and "passing rate of a science test" The relationship between "number of hours spent on a computer" and "score on a science test" The difference between "average scores on a science test" and "presence of computer in bedroom"
The relationship between "number of hours spent on a computer" and "score on a science test"
A screening study is performed to determine the prevalence of colon cancer in 10,000 subjects in a rural community. Researchers are examining the efficacy between a fecal occult blood (stool) sampling and a colonoscopy. The two-tailed test with a p value of 0.025 and a 95% confidence interval indicates that the colonoscopy screening provides a higher rate of early detection. Researchers have found that allowing the participant to select the screening test did not affect the findings compared to previous results. How does the sample size affect this report? Choose 2 answers The sample size is too small for the population of this study. The sample size is too large to handle the population effectively. The sample size is large enough to show statistical significance. The sample size is adequate for generalizability to the population.
The sample size is large enough to show statistical significance. The sample size is adequate for generalizability to the population.
A scientist studied the efficacy of all treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Scientific research databases were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials of any treatment for PTSD in adults. Articles selected were those in which all subjects were adults with a diagnosis of PTSD. The sample consisted of 137 treatment comparisons drawn from 112 studies and the data was synthesized. Which two factors would limit the application of these data? Choose 2 answers The variety of treatment options The larger effects on the female sample The lack of differences in study design and participant traits The substantial differences in study design and participant traits
The variety of treatment options The substantial differences in study design and participant traits
A public health center would like to develop a smoking cessation program to help people stop smoking. Two thousand people from the community were sampled. The proportion of male smokers and female smokers was calculated from the results. A chi-square test was used to compare these two proportions. The 95% confidence interval was -0.023 to 0.063, and the 99% confidence interval was -0.037 to 0.077 (one tailed). Which conclusion can be made about the results of the study given the confidence intervals? There is a significant difference between male and female smokers. There is no significant difference between male and female smokers. The proportion of male smokers is significantly greater than female smokers. The proportion of female smokers is significantly greater than male smokers.
There is no significant difference between male and female smokers.
Hospital A receives cost-based reimbursement, and Hospital B receives prospective payment reimbursement. The average operating margin for Hospital A is 1.8% and 2.1% for Hospital B. A comparison of the average operating margins results in a 95% confidence interval of -0.34 to -0.27 (two-tailed test). How was the data used? To determine if there is a significant difference between the outlying operating margins for each hospital To determine if there is a significant difference in the average operating margins for each hospital To determine if cost-based reimbursement causes a significant increase in average operating margin To determine if prospective reimbursement causes a significant decrease in average operating margin
To determine if there is a significant difference in the average operating margins for each hospital
A representative sample from a small rural population shows the average age of seniors is 71.5 years, with a 95% confidence interval of 66.3 to 77.6 years. How was the data used in this situation? To determine the average age for seniors in this population To determine the minimum average age of seniors in this population To determine the maximum average age of seniors in this population To determine the range in the average age of seniors in this population
To determine the average age for seniors in this population
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to determine obesity. The average BMI for adult males (between 35 to 45 years old) varies by race. The average BMI is 28.0 kg/m2 for Caucasian males, 29.5 kg/m2 for African-American males, and 26.2 kg/m2 for Asian males. The p value is 0.000. How was the data used in this scenario? To determine average causal effect of race on BMI To determine the difference between average BMI and race To determine the association between average BMI and race To determine the demographic factors that affect BMI and race
To determine the difference between average BMI and race
Lung cancer is deemed by experts to be a terminal illness. The survival rates may be influenced by treatment or supportive care. The following graph illustrates these survival rates: What is the purpose of the survival curve? To show time of intervention To show prognostic indicators To show factors that increase survival over time To show percentage of survival over a period of time
To show percentage of survival over a period of time
The administrator of a youth substance abuse program is concerned about the difficulties in engaging and retaining referred youths in the 12-session treatment program. He decided to study the factors that might explain differences in treatment engagement and retention. The sample consisted of participants from two different studies, and only participants who received a treatment intervention were included in the sample. The group consisted of participants with substance abuse and fewer than 10 of their treatment sessions. Case Number Main Substance Abused Age Number of Treatment Sessions Attended 1 alcohol 16 10 2 marijuana 14 12 3 cocaine 15 3 4 heroine 17 0 5 other 12 4 6 alcohol 15 9 7 marijuana 13 11 8 cocaine 14 5 9 heroine 16 1 10 alcohol 15 8 Which two ways should the data be used to understand participants engagement and retention? Choose 2 answers To show that age is related to the drug of choice used To show that treatment session involvement is related to age To show that marijuana addiction has the highest session attendance To show that session attendance varies by the type of substance abuse
To show that marijuana addiction has the highest session attendance To show that session attendance varies by the type of substance abuse
A nurse studied the relationship between exercise behavior and receiving the flu vaccine in a sample of 999 healthcare workers. The study showed that 48.1% of the healthcare workers who exercised regularly received the influenza vaccine compared with 52.4% of those who did not exercise regularly. A statistical test of probability indicates that the small difference between the two groups is most likely attributable to chance rather than to exercise habits. Received Vaccinations Exercised Regularly Yes No Totals Yes 235 (48.1%) 254 (51.9%) 489 No 267 (52.4%) 243 (47.6%) 510 Totals 502 497 999 How should these data be used? Choose 2 answers To show there is a statistical difference between the two groups To show the difference between the two groups is due to chance To show there is a lack of statistical difference between the two groups To show the difference between the two groups is due to exercise habits
To show the difference between the two groups is due to chance To show there is a lack of statistical difference between the two groups
A hospital informatics analyst has been asked to review case studies for current treatment protocols for congestive heart failure. The analyst finds multiple studies in peer-reviewed journals, as well as other credible sources. The analyst summarizes several articles starting with articles with publication dates from 2008 through 2010. What are two likely issues with the case studies? Choose 2 answers Invalid sources Large sample size Validity of study method Timeliness of information
Validity of study method Timeliness of information