Campbell Biology Chapter 2-5

CHON

4 elements essential to life

Ion

A charged atom.

Anion

A negatively charged atom.

Cation

A positively charged atom.

Structure

A protein's _________ determines its function.

Metabolism

All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism

Amino; carboxyl; R

Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.

hydrocarbon

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Chaperonins

Assist in the proper folding of the protein by keeping the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic and create a hydrophilic environment for folding polypeptides

Primary

At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.

Tertiary

At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical bonds (hydrogen, disulphide, ionic) between R groups of the protein cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.

Secondary

At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.

Quaternary

At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.

Phospholipid

Basic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability.

Valence

Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost (valence) shell.

Energy

Capacity to cause change

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates are made up of _______________.

Catabolism

Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds

Anabolism

Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.

Lipids

Cushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________.

Atomic Nucleus

Dense core packed with protons and neutrons.

Molecular Shape

Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another.

Neutrons

Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell.

Potential Energy

Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus.

van der Waals Interactions

Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.

Denaturation

Excessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.

Unsaturated fats

Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.

HDL

Good cholesterol is called ___ ____________. HINT: Keep your ____ HIGH :-)

Structural Formula

H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding.

Peptide

In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.

Ester linkage

In a triglyceride, the ---OH of glycerol loses a H and the ---COOH of the fatty acid chain loses a ---OH which joins to form water in a(n) _____ _______.

Glycosidic linkage

In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______.

Sickle cell anemia

In this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels.

Hormonal

Insulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins.

Steroid

Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings.

Polymers

Lipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________.

Polymers

Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Name the 4 types of macromolecules

Subatomic particles

Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.

Hydrogen

Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds.

Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are composed of ___________.

Phosphodiester bonds

Nucleotides link together via ________ _____ to form nucleic acid.

Radioactive Isotope

One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications.

isomer

One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers.

Single Bond

One pair of shared electrons.

Electron

One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.

Proton

One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus.

Ionic Compounds

Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.

Hydrolysis

Pocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.

Cellulose

Polymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls

Dehydration synthesis

Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule

Trace Elements

Required by an organism only in minute quantities.

Isotopes

Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons and therefore different mass. Same element.

Covalent Bond

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

Double Bond

Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.

Atom

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space.

α glucose

Starch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules.

Glycogen; starch

Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______.

Compound

Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. *Characteristics different than those of its elements

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.

Mass Number

Sum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation of the atomic mass.

3D structure

The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.

Electronegativity

The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

Ionic Bonds

The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond.

Chemical Bonds

The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.

sugars; phosphate groups

The backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________.

LDL

The bad cholesterol, which can harden in arteries. HINT: Keep your ____ LOW :-)

Glycosidic linkage

The bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______.

Monosaccharide

The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________. EX: Glucose

Amino acid

The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____.

A, T, C, G

The nitrogenous bases in DNA are ____.

A, U, C, G

The nitrogenous bases in RNA are ____.

Atomic Number

The number of protons (which is unique to that element) and written as a subscript to left of element symbol. Also tells us number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral

Chemical Equilibrium

The point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly.

Polynucleotide

The polymer in a nucleic acid is a(n) ______________.

Polypeptide

The polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________.

Products

The resulting material of a chemical reaction.

Reactants

The starting materials of a chemical reaction.

organic chemistry

The study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds).

deoxyribose

The sugar in DNA is ______.

Ribose

The sugar in RNA is ______.

Polysaccharide

Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________.

Glycerol; fatty acid chains

Triglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______.

Chitin; cellulose

Two examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________.

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________. EX: Sucrose

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Hydrogen Bond

When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.

Electron Shells

Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.

Polar Covalent Bond

Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.

β Pleated Sheet

__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.

α Helix

___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.

Receptor

________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells.

Defensive

_________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them.

Contractile/Movement

___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells.

Transport

_____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells.

carbon

this atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

20

# different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins.