Campbell Biology Chapter 2-5
CHON
4 elements essential to life
Ion
A charged atom.
Anion
A negatively charged atom.
Cation
A positively charged atom.
Structure
A protein's _________ determines its function.
Metabolism
All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism
Amino; carboxyl; R
Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.
hydrocarbon
An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
Chaperonins
Assist in the proper folding of the protein by keeping the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic and create a hydrophilic environment for folding polypeptides
Primary
At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.
Tertiary
At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical bonds (hydrogen, disulphide, ionic) between R groups of the protein cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.
Secondary
At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.
Quaternary
At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.
Phospholipid
Basic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability.
Valence
Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost (valence) shell.
Energy
Capacity to cause change
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates are made up of _______________.
Catabolism
Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds
Anabolism
Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.
Lipids
Cushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________.
Atomic Nucleus
Dense core packed with protons and neutrons.
Molecular Shape
Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another.
Neutrons
Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell.
Potential Energy
Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus.
van der Waals Interactions
Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.
Denaturation
Excessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.
Unsaturated fats
Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.
HDL
Good cholesterol is called ___ ____________. HINT: Keep your ____ HIGH :-)
Structural Formula
H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding.
Peptide
In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.
Ester linkage
In a triglyceride, the ---OH of glycerol loses a H and the ---COOH of the fatty acid chain loses a ---OH which joins to form water in a(n) _____ _______.
Glycosidic linkage
In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______.
Sickle cell anemia
In this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels.
Hormonal
Insulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins.
Steroid
Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings.
Polymers
Lipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________.
Polymers
Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Name the 4 types of macromolecules
Subatomic particles
Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.
Hydrogen
Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds.
Nucleotides
Nucleic acids are composed of ___________.
Phosphodiester bonds
Nucleotides link together via ________ _____ to form nucleic acid.
Radioactive Isotope
One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications.
isomer
One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers.
Single Bond
One pair of shared electrons.
Electron
One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.
Proton
One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus.
Ionic Compounds
Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.
Hydrolysis
Pocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.
Cellulose
Polymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls
Dehydration synthesis
Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule
Trace Elements
Required by an organism only in minute quantities.
Isotopes
Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons and therefore different mass. Same element.
Covalent Bond
Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
Double Bond
Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.
Atom
Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space.
α glucose
Starch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules.
Glycogen; starch
Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______.
Compound
Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. *Characteristics different than those of its elements
Element
Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.
Mass Number
Sum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation of the atomic mass.
3D structure
The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.
Electronegativity
The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
Ionic Bonds
The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond.
Chemical Bonds
The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.
sugars; phosphate groups
The backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________.
LDL
The bad cholesterol, which can harden in arteries. HINT: Keep your ____ LOW :-)
Glycosidic linkage
The bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______.
Monosaccharide
The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________. EX: Glucose
Amino acid
The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____.
A, T, C, G
The nitrogenous bases in DNA are ____.
A, U, C, G
The nitrogenous bases in RNA are ____.
Atomic Number
The number of protons (which is unique to that element) and written as a subscript to left of element symbol. Also tells us number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral
Chemical Equilibrium
The point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly.
Polynucleotide
The polymer in a nucleic acid is a(n) ______________.
Polypeptide
The polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________.
Products
The resulting material of a chemical reaction.
Reactants
The starting materials of a chemical reaction.
organic chemistry
The study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds).
deoxyribose
The sugar in DNA is ______.
Ribose
The sugar in RNA is ______.
Polysaccharide
Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________.
Glycerol; fatty acid chains
Triglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______.
Chitin; cellulose
Two examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________.
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________. EX: Sucrose
Molecule
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Hydrogen Bond
When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.
Electron Shells
Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.
Polar Covalent Bond
Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.
β Pleated Sheet
__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.
α Helix
___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.
Receptor
________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells.
Defensive
_________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them.
Contractile/Movement
___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells.
Transport
_____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells.
carbon
this atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
20
# different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins.