Cardiovascular diseases

AV Node

(atrioventricular node) region of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle from which electrical impulses spread to the ventricles during a heartbeat. """BREAK Pedal"""

Vena Cavas (Superior & Inferior) (veins)

Inferior vena cava brings blood to the heart from lower portion of body. Superior vena cava brings blood to the heart from the upper portion of the body.

Cardiac wiki terms

Tachycardia------bradycardia------PAC------Afib----aneurysm-----Aflutter-----heart block-----Vtach-----Vfib-----cardiomyopathy-----PVC-----pericarditis-----endocarditis-----myocarditis------ejection fraction-----PFO

Valves of the heart

(between) *Tricuspid valve (R atrium + R ventricle) *Pulmonary valve (R ventricle + pulmonary artery) *Mitral valve (L atrium + L ventricle) *Aortic Valve (L ventricle + Aorta)

Peripheral Vascular system in relation to circulation

*Arteries = carry oxygenated blood to the body. exception = pulmonary artery *Veins = carry un-oxygenated blood to the heart exception = pulmonary vein * Capillaries = small thin blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. their thin walls allow exchange of gases, nutrients + other waste products to pass to + from organs and cells.

Assessment of the heart function (methods)

*Echocardiogram (echo) = checks valves + congenital problems often with stress tests also used to find ejection fraction. *Electrocardiogram (ECG) = Graphs electrical function of the heart. *Imaging = CTA, CT, MRI *B/P, Heart rate, Auscultation

An example of an engineering control the hospital would have to employ to decrease potential for an exposure of an employee to a blood borne pathogen would be...... 1. Color coded red or labeled containers 2. Gloves 3. Face Shield 4. Eye irrigation station

1. Color coded red or labeled containers Key words: engineering control/blood borne pathogen exposure/hospital employed.

Adequate blood supply to the body's organs depends on......

1. a heart strong enough to pump 2. arteries + veins ability to constrict + squeeze 3. enough blood + fluid within the vessels

Aneurysm

A bulging, weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel resulting in an abnormal widening or ballooning greater than 50% of the vessel's normal diameter (width). This bulge can rupture and cause internal bleeding. Most common in the brain, aorta, legs, spleen. Aortic aneurysm: This type happens in your aorta and specified In the name. This aneurysm can be linked with hardening of the arteries, also known as atherosclerosis. It may be an inherited condition or a complication of high blood pressure or smoking. Cerebral aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs in the wall of a blood vessel in your brain. Ventricular aneurysm: This is a bulge in your heart. A previous heart attack is the most common cause. In rare cases, a severe chest injury can also lead to it. Signs/symptoms: May obstruct circulation to other tissues. They can also form blood clots that may go on to obstruct smaller blood vessels. It can lead to ischemic stroke or other serious complications.Blurred or doubled vision, chest pain, Sharp pains in the chest, abdomen, arm, back, or leg, sudden and severe headache, light sensitivity, loss of consciousness, seizure, drooping eyelid, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, numb sensation. Cause: certain factors contribute such as high blood pressure,atherosclerosis, trauma, heredity, and abnormal blow flow at junction where arteries come together. Diagnostic testing: MRI scan, angiography (MRA), CT scan, listen to your heart, check your blood pressure, listen to arteries in neck, feel abdomen for mass. Treatment:Medical procedures such as Stenting, Embolization, Endovascular coiling, and clipping. Emergency surgeries such as endovascular aneurysm repair, and vascular grafting. The survival/recover rate of an aneurism is 60% and a 40% death rate.

Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy represents a collection of serious chronic diverse conditions of the heart. It is a disease of the heart muscle, where your heart becomes, enlarged, weakened, thick or rigid making it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body. 2 different classifications ** ischemic is caused from CAD and heart attacks due to insufficient blood flow to the heart. **non-ischemic has 4 different types some are considered inherited. 1. Dilalated Cardiomyopathy- one of the ventricles is enlarged, more common in males and most common form seen in children. The muscle is thinner. 2. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy- heart muscle is thickened often presents in childhood and young adulthood. Often inherited. May not have any symptoms. This is normally seen with sudden cardiac arrest in athletic teens. 3. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy- heart muscle is stiff or rigid or both. Least common type. Can occur with amyloidosis or hemochomatosis. 4. Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Right Ventricle Dysplasia (ARVD)- causes irregular heartbeat/ rhythms. The 3 types that doesn't fit in with these classifications. 1. "Takotsubo" cardiomyopathy (also known as broken heart syndrome)- stress induced and it happens when part of the heart enlarges temporarily and does not function well due to the chordae tendineae (tendons) break. 2. Chemotherapy- induced cardiomyopathy-- cancer treatment can cause the heart to be less sufficient causing changes in blood flow and risk of blood clots causing a heart attack. 3. Peripartum cardiomyopathy- rare form of CHF that is associated with pregnancy. During pregnancy the heart can become enlarged and weak. Signs and Symptoms:Shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of appetite, dizziness, swelling of the legs, ankles and feet. Syncope, changes in mental status, Irregular heartbeat or palpitations (feeling of rapid, pounding or fluttering)Bloating of the abdomen due to fluid buildup (ascites), Cough while lying down, Low urine output. Causes/ Risk factors:Inherited/ Genetics, heart tissue damage from heart attack (CAD) or heart failure (CHD), Chronic rapid heart rate, heart valve problems,Metabolic disorders (such as diabetes, thyroid disease and obesity), nutritional deficiencies, Pregnancy complications, chemotherapy and radiation,Infections that inflame the heart, Hemochromatosis (iron build up in heart muscle), Amyloidosis (disorder that causes buildup of abnormal proteins),Sarcoidosis (disorder causing inflammation and lumps of cells to grow in the heart and other organs), Long term hypertension, Illicit drug use, alcoholism, Muscle condition's (muscular dystrophy), connective tissue disease and some types of auto-immune diseases. Diagnostic tests/Procedures:X-ray, EKG, Holter monitor and event monitors, ECHO, stress test, Coronary angiography, Myocardial biopsy, Genetic testing. Treatment:depends of what type you have and how serious it is. Goal is to slow down disease, control symptoms and prevent sudden cardiac arrest/death. Blood thinners, Beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, Diuretics, Hypertension drugs, Antiarrhythmic drugs. Medical procedures/Surgical options-Cardiac catherization and revascularization, Coronary artery bypass, Heart transplant (most severe case), Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Pacemaker.

The His-Purkinje system

Carries the electrical signals throughout the ventricles. starts at the bundle of His --> Right bundle branch--> Left bundle branch --> Purkinje fibers.

Lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection. primary function is to transport lymph.

Myocardial Infarction ( MI)

Death of cardiac muscle due to ischemia. Commonly known as a heart attack, is the interruption of blood supply to part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. Due to plaque thrombosis (see CAD). S/S: sudden chest pain, SOB, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, diaphoresis, anxiety (often described as the feeling of impending doom). Women may experience fewr atypical symptoms than men. Most commonly SOB, weakness, indigestion + fatigue. Approximately 1/4 of all MI's are silent. tx = angioplasty, medication

Varicose veins

happens when faulty valves in the veins allow blood to flow in the wrong direction or pool. Would see::: abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs.

hypertension (HTN)

high blood pressure 90-95% is idiopathic. Risk factors = age, hereditary, weight,smoking,medications+ lifestyle. Signs = elevated B/P Symptoms = headache, light headed, often asymptomatic tx = exercise, medication, weight loss, healthy eating

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

impairment of blood flow through the coronary arteries. Due to subintmal deposition of atheromas in large + medium sized coronary arteries. Often related to diet, heredity, smoking, ETOH, htn, age,socio-economic status. Signs: increased cholesterol, MI, htn, heart failure, arrhythmia's Symptoms: angina but may be asymptomatic. tx = heart healthy diet, reduce htn + high cholesterol, increase physical activity, lose weight, quit smoking, reduce stress, medications, angioplasty, stent, CABG

Ejection Fraction

•Measures the ability of the heart to contract •Important to be aware of your patient's specific EF. Normal EF is 55-75% ECHO is used to determine EF in most cases.

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

disease of blood vessels away from central region of body, most typically in legs; symptoms include pain, numbness, and impaired circulation. Due to: atheroscerosis, vasculitis, connective tissue disease. Risk factors= smoking, high LDL, inactivity, htn, DM, obesity, chronic kidney failure. S/S: intermittent claudication, numbness of extremities, weakness/ atrophy of the calf muscle, coldness in the legs/feet, thickening of the toe nails, painful ulcers +/or gangrene in ischemic tissue. tx= smoking cessation, healthy diet, diabetes, B/P, lipid control, supervised exercise, medication, angioplasty, surgery.

ECG

electrocardiogram a record or display of a person's heartbeat produced by electrocardiography.

Aortic Insufficiency: (Aortic Regurgitation)

A condition in which the aortic valve of the heart leaks, causing oxygenated blood to flow back into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole (relaxation). causes heart to pump faster to make up for back-flowing blood, which can lead to heart failure and/or death. Signs/Symptoms: (can be asymptomatic until heart failure develops...)chest pain,fatigue,shortness of breath,fainting,arrhythmia (irregular pulse) and a heart murmur. Treatment:Medication,Aortic Valve Replacement surgery,monitor heart activity.

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

A hole in the heart called the Foramen Ovale did not close after birth. S/S: most don't have symptoms but may play a role in migraines with aura. Increased risk of stroke/TIA and heart attacks. Dx: echocardiogram, Transesophageal echo and the bubble test. tx: Blood thinners, closure of PFO (surgery) and monitoring condiotn

Pacemaker/Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICF)

A pacemaker is a small device that is placed inside the chest to help control abnormal heart rhythms. The pacemaker takes over the function of the SA node. The device uses electrical pulses to help the heartbeat at a normal rate. Patients with ischemic heart disease, heart block, disturbances of the SA node, arrhythmia due to myocardial infarction, or post cardiac surgery will use a pacemaker. Some pacemakers are temporary, and others are permanent. On demand pacemakers only send out electrical pulses when they detect the heart failed to do so and fixed-rate pacemakers send out continuous impulses.

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

A temporary fall in blood pressure when a person rapidly changes from a recumbent position to a standing position. Causes= age, medications, position, dehydration, nor-epinephrine release, autonomic nervous system disorder. Signs= low blood pressure suddenly after standing Symptoms= dizziness, light headed, syncope, possible to be asymptomatic. tx= hydration, medication changes, wraps + garments, increased salt intake, movement modifications such as ankle pumps and sitting before standing. within 3 minutes a reduction of >= 20 mmHg in systolic or a reduction of >= 10 mmHg in diastolic

pulmonary veins

A vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach)

A very fast heart rhythm that begins in the ventricles. Vtach is a pulse of more than 100 beats per minute with at least three irregular heartbeats in a row. It is caused by a malfunction in the heart's electrical system. When this process is disrupted, and the electrical signals are sent too quickly this can cause Vtach. As a result, the heart may not be able to pump enough blood to the rest of the body. vtach may eventually lead to Ventricular Fibrillation (vfib). Signs / symptoms: Ventricular tachycardia may only last for a few seconds or for much longer,when symptoms do occur, they may include lightheadedness, dizziness, and fainting. The condition most commonly affects people who have heart disorders. Causes: Triggered by another heart condition. Some known causes of vtach include cardiomyopathy, structural heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. Certain forms of vtach are inherited from parent to child these may include Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Can also be caused by certain medications, excessive caffeine or alcohol consumption and intense exercise. Treatment: The goals of ventricular tachycardia treatment are to regulate your heart rate and prevent future episodes. For Immediate treatment delivering a jolt of electricity to the heart via defibrillation or cardioversion. An injection of an anti-arrhythmic medication, such as Amiodarone or lidicaine to treat sustained vtach and restore a normal heart rhythm. Can also include vagal maneuvers, cardioversion, radio frequency catheter ablation, anti-arrhythmic drugs/agents, betablockers and blood pressure support.

Angioplasty

Angioplasty is defined as the surgical repair of a vessel, usually blood or lymph. There are different ways this procedure can be done, depending on what vessel is being worked on. An endovascular procedure, also known as coronary angioplasty, or percutaneous coronary intervention, is used to unclog coronary arteries, to allow blood to flow back to the heart normally. It is used to relieve chest pain from low blood flow to the heart. During this procedure, a stent may be put in to keep it from closing again. Another way this procedure is done is by threading a balloon catheter through the radial or femoral artery, then inflating it, pressing the plaque outwards and forcing the artery to widen, restoring blood flow. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, and heart attack. Risks may include re-clogging of the artery, bleeding, and blood clotting, with the rarer ones being heart attack, kidney problems and stroke.

pulmonary artery

Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.

Methods a PTA could employ to measure the cardiovascular function of a patients response to activity.

Blood pressure Heart rate (regular or irregular) Heart rate feel (weak, bounding, thready) Respiratory rate **Vitals are Vital**

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

Coronary Arteries

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

Left Coronary Arteries

Branches into the circumflex artery + the L anterior descending artery. The circumflex supplies blood to the L atrium + backside of the L ventricle + Left anterior artery supplies blood to the front and bottom of the L ventricle + the front of the Septum.

Left sided heart failure symptoms

Fluid may back up in your lungs, causing shortness of breath.

Right sided heart failure symptoms

Fluid may back up into your abdomen, legs and feet, causing swelling.

Right heart block

Heart Block is an abnormal heart rhythm where the electrical signals that inform the heart to contract are partially or totally blocked. The signals tell your heart to contract and pump blood and thus affects the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat. A blocked signal on the right side of the heart is not usually serious. A block on the left side can indicate a risk of coronary artery disease or other heart problem. DEGREES OF and TREATMENT: 1st Degree: The mildest form of Heart Block: the hearts signal is slowed (Bradycardia). Treatment: Not noticed always or needing treatment. 2nd Degree: Heart beats more slowly or drops beats. Signals don't get to the right places and person may feel dizzy. Treatment: Pacemaker 3rd Degree: The most severe and the heart signals don't travel between the upper and lower chambers. The rate and rhythm of heartbeat is very slow or stops entirely. This type of heart Block can be fatal. Treatment: Pacemaker CAUSES: Congenital, born with Heart Block or can develop later in life. RISKS: of a Heart Block: Older age, heart attack victims, coronary artery disease, cardio myopathy, medicines that slow the heart rate, and after open heart surgery put you at a greater risk for a heart block. SYMPTOMS: Slow/irregular heartbeat; shortness of breath; lightheaded, fainting, pain/discomfort in chest,difficulty doing exercise due to the lack of blood being pumped around the body.

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the endocardium, which is the lining of the heart. Rare but life- threatening disease. Signs/Symptoms- abnormal heart rate, pale skin, night sweats, nausea, joint/muscle pain, and shortness of breath. Causes- caused by poor body hygiene, poor dental hygiene, and using dirty needles. Treatment- antibiotics and surgery.

Myocarditis

Inflammation of the myocardium, which is the middle layer of the heart muscle. It makes it harder for the heart to pump the blood, which can lead to heart failure. Signs/symptoms- fatigue, shortness of breath, fever, joint pain, and swelling in the legs with achy feet. Causes- caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and autoimmune disorders. Treatment- medication therapy, behavior changes, and other treatment depends on the source and severity of the disease. It's hard to treat because it takes a lot of testing and exams to find the source, sometimes it's to late as it links to sudden death.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium, which is the sac that surrounds the heart. Depending on how long a person has had it, it may be considered; acute, sub acute, or chronic and may have a repeat event. Signs/Symptoms- Chest pain, low- grade fever, cough, difficulty breathing and heart palpitations. Causes- it is commonly caused by infections, viruses, medications, and autoimmune conditions. Treatment- Surgery or medications.

INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION

Intermittent claudication is pain that is caused by not receiving enough blood flow from your arteries to your muscles during exercise. SYMPTOMS: Pain, ache, discomfort or fatigue in muscles every time you use those muscles, Pain in the calves, thighs, buttocks, hips or feet Less often, pain in shoulders, biceps and forearms Pain that gets better soon after resting If claudication worsens over time and pain is present at rest, the following symptoms are of peripheral artery disease, and are the more advanced stages: Cool skin,severe, constant pain that progresses to numbness,Discoloration to skin, wounds that do not heal. CAUSES: Intermittent claudication is most often a symptom of peripheral artery disease or PAD. Causes can be from damage to the arteries and is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis. TREATMENT: Most treatments focus on lowering the risk of vascular disease, reducing the pain, increasing the mobility and preventing any damage to the tissues. Exercise is found to reduce the pain, improve vascular health in those affected limbs and aid in weight management and an improvement overall in quality of life. There are medications that are prescribed for pain control and to manage risk factors for vascular disease. If symptoms are to worsen you are advised to seek treatment from a vascular surgeon. Some surgeries that are common for more severe cases are angioplasty and vascular surgery.

Atrial Fibrillation ( A-fib)

Is an irregular and often rapid heart rate. This can increase risk of heart failure, strokes, and other heart related complications. When atrial fibrillation is happening the heart's two upper chambers beat wildly and irregularly out of coordination with the hearts two lower chambers. Signs and Symptoms: Atrial fibrillation might come and go in episodes; however, some people have atrial fibrillation that does not go away and might require treatment. Atrial fibrillation is typically not life threatening; it is a serious medical condition. Some individuals with Atrial fibrillation have no symptoms and are unaware of their condition until its discovered during routine physical exams, but those who do have symptoms often experience reduced weakness, dizziness, and chest pain. Causes: Irregularities of damage to the heart's structure are the most common causes of atrial fibrillation,high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, lung disease, and viral infections. Stress due to surgery, and pneumonia or other illness have been attributed to atrial fibrillation as well. Treatments: The most common treatment for atrial fibrillation, is with prescription medication, that helps regulate your heartbeat. Treatments can also include cardio-version, or a minimally invasive surgery.

Atrial Flutter (A-Flutter)

Is similar to atrial fibrillation; however, the rhythm of your atria is more organized and less chaotic than what we see with atrial fibrillation. Sign and symptoms: The symptoms of atrial flutter are about the same as those atrial fibrillation. However sometimes you might have atrial flutter that can turn into atrial fibrillation. Causes: Atrial flutter has more risk factors associated with it, however most of these factors are hereditary, or predisposing factors. Age is a risk to developing atrial flutter, the older you get the more at risk you become, heart disease can cause an increased risk to develop atrial flutter. For some individuals drinking alcohol can trigger an atrial fibrillation episode. Prevention: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and weight are key factors to reducing your risk of atrial fibrillation.

Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC)

Is very similar to PVC or premature ventricular contraction but PAC occurs in the upper part of the heart in a spot known as the atria. Whereas PVC occurs lower in the ventricles of the heart. PAC also can be called as atrial ectopic beats or atrial premature beats. PAC is shown on an EKG exactly as you think it would as a premature or in other words early contraction followed by a flutter. Symptoms/Signs:flutter feeling in the chest,fatigue after exercise,shortness of breath or chest pain,lightheaded or dizziness. Cause:PAC usually have no clear cause and no serious health risks associated with it and can occur naturally sometimes. There are things that you can do to make a PAC more likely to occur though such as:Dehydration,Caffeine,Drinking alcohol,Smoking,Being pregnant increases your chances of have a PAC, High blood pressure and stress can also cause it. Treatment:if you do have a PAC and it is the result of a heart condition, the heart condition will be treated but if you have PAC and no known serious cause for it. There is no treatment because they do naturally occur every now and then.

Right Sided Heart Failure

L ventricular output exceeds right ventricular output, pressure backs up, fluid accumulation in systemic tissues.

Anatomy of the heart

Large, muscular organ consisting of mostly cardiac tissue called the myocardium Surrounded by a sac called the pericardium The hearts innermost layer is called the Endocardium Consists of 2 sides, right and left, separated by a septum Consists of 4 chambers: 2 atria (top), 2 ventricles (bottom) and 4 Valves.

angina pectoris (angina)

Latin for squeezing of the chest. Discomfort that occurs when there is decreased blood oxygen supply to an area of the heart muscle. Usually occurs during exertion, severe emotional stress or a heavy meal. In most cases the lack of blood supply is due to a narrowing of the coronary arteries as a result of arteriosclerosis or from arterial spasm. S/S: pressure, heaviness, tightening, squeezing, aching, indigestion, or heartburn, weakness, sweating, nausea, cramping and SOB. The pain/discomfort often radiates to the neck, jaw, arms, back and even the teeth. tx = rest, Medications (nitro,beta blockers, calcium channel blockers), CABG (coronary artery bypass graft), PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). * the aching pain often radiates to neck, jaw, arms, back + teeth. (anything between eyeballs + waist).

Cardiac Tamponade

Occurs when the pericardial space surrounding the heart fills with fluid. As a result of accumulating fluid, ventricles are not able to fill completely, and cardiac output is decreased. Symptoms include low blood pressure, weakness, chest pain, trouble breathing, rapid breathing, tachycardia, fainting and dizziness. It is also diagnosed using Beck's Triad, which is a triad of symptoms. These three symptoms are distended neck veins, low arterial blood pressure and muffled heart sounds. Prognosis: A cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency. Cardiac arrest can be prevented if treatment is administered quickly. Surgical treatment is performed to remove fluid that has collected in the pericardial sac. This is done so with needle and catheter.At times pericardial sac is removed as well.

PQRST wave form

P wave = atrial depolorization QRS wave = Ventricular depolerization T wave = Ventricular repolerization

Left Sided Heart Failure

R ventricular output exceeds L ventricular output, pressure backs up, fluid accumulation in pulmonary tissue.

myocardial infarction (MI)

STEMI - ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Type of heart attack where one of the heart's major oxygen-rich arteries, that supplies the heart, is blocked. Causes: Oxygen/nutrient rich blood supply to heart blocked, usually associated with coronary artery disease. S/S: Shortness of breath,Chest pain/discomfort Pain or tightness in jaw, neck, back or stomach,Dizziness,Nausea,Sweating,Palpitations, Anxiety. tx: Angioplasty: use of thrombolytics or "clot busting" drugs. NSTEMI - Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Type of heart attack with where elevation of the blood markers suggest heart damage, but no ST elevation on an EKG. Causes: Coronary artery disease commonly caused from sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, smoking, family history of heart disease, or high blood pressure or cholesterol. S/S: Shortness of breath Chest pain/discomfort Pain or tightness in jaw, neck, back or stomach, Dizziness,Nausea,Sweating. tx: Blood thinning agents such as aspirin or heparin.Use of beta-blockers or nitrates. Severe cases might require insertion of a stent or bypass surgery.

SA Node

Sinoatrial node also known as the hearts natural pacemaker. "atrial contraction" located in the top of the R atrium """GAS Pedal"""

Targeted Heart Rate

Subtract your age from 220 Multiply your answer with 0.5 for low end Multiply your answer with 0.7 for high end low end and high end numbers will give you your target heart rate range.

Blood flow through the heart

Superior and inferior vena cava --> R atria --> Tricuspid --> R ventricle --> Pulmonary valve --> Lungs -->pick up oxygen -->Pulmonary veins --> L atria --> Mitral valve --> L ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body

Right Coronary Arteries

Supplies the R atrium and R ventricle with blood usually branches into the posterior descending artery which supplies blood to the bottom portion of the L ventricle + back of the septum.

Arterial Dissection

This life-threatening condition occurs when the inner most lining of an artery tears. This leads to clotting, greatly increasing the chances of an ischemic attack. The symptoms of arterial dissection are very similar to that of arteriosclerosis and other heart conditions, so it is often misdiagnosed. Symptoms are sweating, nausea, sudden severe chest pain, localized headaches, neck pain, drooping of the eyelid, and fainting. Causes are hypertension, physical trauma to the artery, connective tissue diseases, and preexisting aneurisms. Treatment options include blood thinning medications, aspirin as an anti-platelet, and insulin. If the dissection does not heal there is the option of putting in a stent to open up the arterial space.

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) FILTERS

Treatment for people at risk for DVT or pulmonary embolism. That can not be successfully treated by other means such as blood thinning agents. at risk pts are: ∙diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). ∙who are trauma victims. ∙who are immobile. ∙who have recently had surgery or delivered a baby.

Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib)

Ventricular fibrillation is a heart rhythm problem that occurs when the heart beats with rapid, erratic electrical impulses. This causes pumping chambers in your heart (the ventricles) to quiver instead of pumping blood. Causes your blood pressure to plummet, cutting off blood supply to your vital organs. Vfib. It is the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death. Signs/symptoms: A condition in which the lower chambers of your heartbeat too rapidly (ventricular tachycardia, or VT) can lead to ventricular fibrillation, Chest pain ,Dizziness, Nausea, shortness of breath and loss of consciousness can also be signs and symptoms of Vtach. Causes: The most common cause is a problem in the electrical impulses traveling through your heart after damage to the heart muscle,fibrillation begins as a rapid heartbeat called ventricular tachycardia (VT). Most VT occurs in people with a heart-related problem, such as scars or damage of cardiac muscle. Untreated VT will often lead to ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death. Death can occur within minutes. This condition must be treated immediately with defibrillation, which delivers an electrical shock to the heart and restores normal heart rhythm. The rate of long-term complications and death is directly related to the speed with which you receive defibrillation. Treatment: Treatment for Ventricular Fibrillation include CPR and shocks to the heart with an (AED), Arrhythmia medications. Coronary angioplasty and stent placement.

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

When either one or both ventricles contracting early. Symptoms of PVCs are often the patient reporting it feels like their heart is flip flopping in their chest or they feel like they "missed a beat". Signs of PVCs are the abnormal tracing (ECG) and/or feeling the PVC while taking heart rate. Cause: Many things can cause PVC's. Heart attacks, high blood pressure, medication, excessive alcohol or caffeine, congestive heart failure or other cardiac issues. Treatment: PVC's are often untreated. Medications can be used if the symptoms are interfering or uncomfortable, or if the cause is dangerous, for instance congestive heart failure.

Thrombophlebitis

a blood clot causes swelling in one or more of your veins, typically in your legs. Rare occasions can affect veins in your arms/ neck. could be near the surface or deep within a muscle (DVT). Due to : many things that cause blood clots such as vein dysfunction or injury, clotting disorders. S/S: warmth, tenderness, redness, swelling, fever, and pain in the affected area. Some have no symptoms. tx= medications, varicose vein stripping, lifestyle change, filter placement, surgery, pressure garments. Assessment: venous doppler ultrasound medications: anticoagulation= warfarin, coumadin, heparin.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to the bodies other organs. This can result from narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle (CAD), heart muscle weakens or increased oxygen demand on the body. Due to: past MI, heart attack with scar tissue that interferes with the heart muscles normal work such as htn, heart valve disease, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart defects, infection in the heart, endocarditis +/or myocarditis. S/S: SOB, edema, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, frequent urination, orthopnea, nausea and abdominal pain. tx= rest, proper diet, modified daily activities, medications, such as ace inhibitors, beta blockers, digitalis, diuretics and vasodialators.

Raynaud's disease

a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. Due to: cold, stress, + vessel spasm is primary secondary is medications, repetitive traume, RA, lupus, chemical exposure, smoking, sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma. S/S: cold fingers + toes, sequence of color changes in your skin, numb/prickly feeling or stinging pain upon warming or relief of stress. tx = medications, controlling stress, controlling/tc contributing illness. ** DO NOT APPLY COLD PACKS/AQUATIC THERAPY- HEATED THERAPY ONLY**

Peri/myo/edno- carditis

is the inflammation in or around the lining of the heart. Some complications include arrhythmia, irregular heartbeat or even heart failure.

Auscultation

listening to sounds within the body normally performed with a stethoscope.

Diastlic Pressure

refers to the amount of pressure when your heart muscle is between beats.

Electrical Conduction system of the heart

start from: the SA node →AV node →Bundle His →Purkinje fibers →myocardium