Nutrition CH4 Carbohydrates
7 benefits of a high fiber diet
-digested slowly -reduced mortality rate -helps reduce risk of type 2 diabetes -helps control weight -may protect against metabolic syndrome -reduced risk of cardiovascular disease- lower cholesterol levels and blood pressure, and stroke -reduced risk of cancer
_____ fiber is the sum of dietary fiber and functional (added) fiber.
Total
(T/F) Enriched products should always be used in preference to products that are not enriched
True
(T/F) Fructose can be manufactured from glucose
True
(T/F) The amount of starch present in a vegetable increases with its maturity
True Corn tastes much sweeter immediately after it is picked because the simple sugars have not developed into starch.
(T/F) insoluble dietary fibers, or the structural part of the plant, do not dissolve in fluids
True Insoluble and soluble fibers have different physiologic functions in the body
(T/F) The body cannot distinguish between natural honey, refined table sugar, or HFCS
True absorption and metabolism are similar to their component sugars
6 reduced calorie sweeteners
Xylitol Tagatose Erythritol Sorbitol Mannitol Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates
____ is found in fruits and vegetables (lettuce, carrots, and strawberries). As a food additive it is (more/less) expensive than other sugar alcohols but has no aftertaste
Xylitol more
Dietary fiber and functional fibers (accelerate/slow) waste through the intestine (treat constipation)
accelerate
The liver can use part of the carbon framework from the sugar molecule and part of a protein molecule contributed by the breakdown of an ___ ____ to produce nonessential amino acids.
amino acid
An ____ substance reduces caries risk by preventing bacteria from recognizing a cariogenic food
anticariogenic
To assess carbohydrate intake
asses total sugar intake and frequency form and time of day
Why can carbohydrates also be called a "hydrated carbon"
because glucose and other carbohydrates are essentially hydrogen (and oxygen) atoms bound to a carbon backbone
Name some of the naturally occuring dietary fiber and added isolated or synthetic fibers the FDA has determined beneficial
beta-glucans soluble fiber psyllium husk cellulose guar gum pectin locust bean gum hydroxypropymethylcellulose
Glucose is the only sugar transported through the _______ that can nourish all the cells in the body
bloodstream
Glucose is the preferred source of energy for the _____, ____, ____, and ____
brain CNS RBCs lens of the eye
Maltose is created in making ____ and brewing _____ and is present in some processed cereals and baby foods
bread beer
If carbohydrate intake is adequate, protein can be used to ___ and ___ tissue.
build repair
Resistant starches trap water and add ____ to the stool, helping with regularity
bulk
An increased transit time lengthens the duration of tissue exposure to _____ _____ waste products
cancer-causing nitrogenous
The number of ______ atoms in the molecule is used to classify carbohydrates
carbon
Carbohydrates contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Proteins and fats are ____, or cannot be metabolized by microorganisms in plaque biofilm, and are caries inhibiting
cariostatic
Two food additives that serve as thickening or emulsifying agents in the manufacturing process
carrageenan guar gum
A cell wall, or ______, surrounding the starch granule causes starch to be insoluble in cold water
cellulose
Most food sources of complex carbohydrates are in the form of starch from
cereal grains roots vegetables legumes
What is high-fructose corn syrup made of?
corn starch Corn products however, contain only glucose molecules
Glucose is prepared commercially as ____ ____ or by special processing of starch
corn syrup
Soluble fiber (increases/decreases) the transit rate of waste through the intestine (treat diarrhea)
decreases
Present in tissues rich in collagen (especially skin)
dermatan sulfate
In digestion, complex carbohydrates are broken down into _____ molecules until the end product, glucose, is absorbed
dextrin (long glucose chains)
An osmotic transfer of water into the GI tract can result in
diarrhea soft stools
Many fibers can be classified as ____ or ____ depending on whether they are a natural component of the food ro added to the food during processing
dietary added
Plant-based foods area good source of _____ fiber but commercially developed functional fibers for use in processed foods also have a _____ role in health
dietary beneficial
Cooking facilitates _____ by causing starch granules to swell, rupturing the cell wall so that ____ _____ have access to the stach inside the cell
digestion digestive enzymes
Glucose is the principal product formed by the digestion of ______ and _______
disaccharides polysaccharides
____, _____, _____ _____ must be broken down into their constituent monosaccharides before they can absorbed
disaccharides polysaccharides complex carbohydrates
the gut bulging out into pouches
diverticula
After calculating how many calories in grams of sugar what do you divide this number by? (to determine the percent of sugar)
divide how many calories from sugar by the total number of calories per serving and multiply by 100 to get the percent
The principal role of absorbed sugars is to provide a source of ____ for body functions and activity and for _____ to maintain body temperature
energy heat
Worldwide, carbohydrates are the most important source of energy and furnish ____-___ percent of calories for some african and asian nations
80-90%
7 nonnutritive sweeteners
Acesulfame K Aspartame Lu han guo (monk fruit) Neotame Rebaudioside A (Truvia, Stevia) Saccharin Sucralose
Undigestible fiber functions as a prebiotic by encouraging growth of bacteria that synthesize some of the ____ vitamins and vitamin __.
B complex K
Empirical formula for a carbohydrate
C6H12O6 or C12H22O11
______ ______ is the chemical removal of minerals from the tooth structure that occurs when acidic environment causes enamel to gradually dissolve
Dental erosion
_______ are intermediate products of digestive enzymes on starch molecules or long glucose chains split into shorter ones.
Dextrins
_____ _____ consists of several different types of nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that occur naturally in plants (fruits/veggies)
Dietary fiber
__________ are composed of two simple sugars joined together and contain 12 carbon atoms
Disaccharides
_______ is another sugar alcohol that may improve oral health by decreasing adherence of bacteria to tooth surfaces, inhibiting growth and activity of S. mutans and reducing the overall number of dental caries
Erythritol
(T/F)The amount of starch in fruit increases as it ripens
False Complex carbohydrates are broken down during the ripening process into simple sugars ex: a banana gets sweeter as it ages
(T/F) All polysaccharides are digestible and have a role in energy storage
False Dietary fiber is largely indigestible by intestinal enzymes in humans
(T/F) When carbohydrate intake is restricted, it is not possible to use protein stores as energy
False Fat and protein stores may be used
(T/F) Sugar alcohols are considered sugars
False They are not sugars, and their use is expected to increase for reduced sugar intake.
(T/F) Foods "made with whole grains" are always a good source of fiber
False whole grain foods can vary greatly and fiber content is often low
Also known as levulose, is found naturally in honey and fruits
Fructose
Monosaccharides are absorbed from the ___ ___ with no further action.
GI tract
A product of lactose digestion (milk sugar), another six carbon sugar
Galactose
_____ is the carbohydrate storage form of energy in humans
Glycogen
______ _____ are a readily available source of glucose for tissues
Glycogen stores
Is the high-fructose concentration of HFCS-42 or HFCS-55 more frequently used in foods (principally beverages)
HFCS-55
What is available in several different concentrations for different products and has become a popular component of processed foods, especially soft drinks because of its lower cost?
High-fructose corn syrup
Also called malt sugar, contains 2 molecules of glucose and does not occur naturally
Maltose
Which sugar alcohol is a 6 carbon sugar found in some legumes? (forms mannitol)
Mannose
________ are simple sugars containing 2-6 carbon atoms
Monosaccharides
_______ and _______ contribute to the palatability of a food because of their sweetness
Monosaccharides Disaccharides
_______ means that enzymes in the human gastrointestinal tract cannot digest and absorb the substance
Nondigestible
______ of fats requires the presence of some carbohydrates
Oxidation
__________________ are complex carbohydrates containing a minimum of 10 units of various simple sugars
Polysaccharides
_____ starch is a form of dietary fiber that cannot be digested. It delivers some of the health benefits of soluble and insoluble fibers
Resistant
_____ is the most commonly used sugar alcohol, and least expensive. It is absorbed and metabolized more slowly than sucrose.
Sorbitol
______ are composed of many long-chain or branched glucose units
Starches
Fructose is the sweetest of the monosaccharides and is a product of digestion of _______
Sucrose
_______ is used as the standard of comparison for relative sweetness
Sucrose
What 3 things influence the sweetness of a food?
Temperature pH presence of other substances
Carbohydrates are frequently consumed in ___ of immediate energy needs.
excess
A _____ _____ (i.e. carbohydrates that can be metabolized by bacteria in plaque biofilm, including all sugars and cooked of processed starches) that can reduce salivary pH to less than 5.5 is referred to as being ______
fermentable carbohydrate cariogenic
Xylitol and tagatose (a naturally occuring monosaccharide) add about the same amount of sweetness as glucose but furnish (fewer/more) calories
fewer
Fiber added during the manufacturing process is called
functional fiber
Are constituents of nervous tissue
galactolipins
Lactose, which contains _____ and ____ is unique to mammalian milk
galactose glucose
Fermentation produces ___ and ___ fatty acids; cells lining the colon use these fatty acids for energy.
gas volatile
Also called dextrose or corn sugar
glucose
Sucrose is a combination of one molecule of ______ and one molecule of ______
glucose fructose
Name 3 monosaccharides
glucose fructose galactose
Industrially produced carbohydrate supplements are composed of
glucose maltose dextrins
Most common form of sucrose
granulated table sugar
Prevents blood clotting
heparin
A blood glucose level that is greater than 130mg/dL before meals or 180mg/dL two hours after meals indicate
hyperglycemia
a blood glucose level of less than 70mg/dL indicates
hypoglycemia
Where is glycogen stored
in the muscle and liver
When carbohydrates are eaten in excess of needs, lipogenesis results in (increased/decreased) fat stores
increased
Functional fiber consists of ____, ____ carbohydrates that have beneficial physiologic effects in humans
isolated nondigestible
When fats are metabolized faster than the body can oxidize them, intermediate products, called ___ ____ may accumulate.
ketone bodies
An accumulation of ketones in the blood, or incompletely oxidized fatty products results in ____
ketosis
Galactose is a constituent of nerve tissue and is produced from glucose during
lactation
When fermented, lactose is converted to ____ ____, giving buttermilk and yogurt their characteristic flavors
lactic acid
Name the sugar found in milk
lactose
Incomplete absorption of sugar alcohols produces a ____ effect
laxative
Which 3 kinds of undigestible fibers may be fermented by microflora in the large intestine
lignin cellulose hemicellulose
Excess glucose is converted to glycogen until the (limited/large) glycogen storage capacity is filled; (later/simultaneously) glucose is converted into fats and stored as adipose tissue
limited simultaneously
Ketones are normal products of _____ metabolism in the liver; muscles can use _____ for energy only if adequate amounts of glucose are available
lipid ketones
Sugars in the blood ensure replenishing of glycogen stores; however, excessive intake of energy from any source results in converting glucose to fats in a process known as ______
lipogenesis
Sources of dietary fiber usually contain other _________, such as digestible carbs and protein, normally found in foods
macronutrients
Cellulose is composed of long, straight chains of glucose units attached to a very strong bonding to provide great ____ strength with limited ______
mechanical flexibility
Monosaccharides are important constituents of many compounds that regulate ____
metabolism
What foods have carbohydrates?
milk, grain, fruits, vegetables
First step to find out percentage of sugar in a product
multiply the number of grams of added sugar by 4 (cal/g)
Oral bacteria lack the enzymes to ferment xylitol; it does not lower plaque biofilm pH. Xylitol stimulates secretion of saliva, which contains a large number of bicarbonate ions to _____ acid. Additionally, xylitol promotes _______ of early lesions on tooth enamel.
neutralize remineralization
Xylitol exhibits both _____ and _____ anticaries effects and directly inhibits the growth of S. mutans
passive active
Aspartame is safe in moderate amounts for everyone except individuals who have _______, a genetic disorder characterized by an inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine
phenylketonuria
During food processing, many added compounds have the same _______ effect as naturally occurring fiber but may not have other health benefits like vitamins/minerals.
physiologic
Another word for complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides
Dietary fiber can be found in
polysaccharides lignin whole grains legumes veggies fruits seeds nuts
Resistant starches are not absorbed; thus they function as a _______ by providing fatty acids for bacteria in the colon
prebiotic
Sucrose and other disaccharides and monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, maltose, and lactose) have unusual biochemical properties that (promote/inhibit) bacterial growth. The presence of sucrose and other carbohydrates in the mouth (increases/decreases) the volume and the formation rate of plaque biofilm.
promote increases
normal physiologic conditions and disease states affect carbohydrate metabolism which is reflected in
serum glucose levels
The total amount of glycogen stores is relatively (large/small), with enough to meet energy needs for (more/less) than a day
small less
Name the 3 most common polyols (sugar alcohols)
sorbitol xylitol mannitol
Carbohydrates, by furnishing energy in the diet, are said to be protein _____
sparing
_____ foods are especially important for their contribution of protein, minerals, and B vitamins
starchy
Relative sweetness of sugars is measured by
subjective sensory tasting
___ ___ are not fermented alcohols and do not need to be restricted by individuals suffering from alcoholism
sugar alcohols
Commercially, sucrose is produced from _____ and ____
sugar cane sugar beets
Name two benefits of sugar alcohols
they do not cause sudden increases in blood glucose levels and do not contribute to tooth decay
Various types of fiber from carbohydrates sources are added in the manufacturing process because of their functional properties, such as _____ or ______
thickening emulsifying
(T/F) popcorn is a whole grain food
true
Soluble dietary fibers become ______ in solution
viscous (sticky, thick)
The AMDR for carbohydrates is limited to no less than 45% to no more than _____%
65%
Polysaccharides contain more than ___ monosaccharides
10
How many cups of decaffinated fluids a day to avoid fecal impactions
10-12c
Choose breads with at least __g. of fiber but no more than ___g. of fat per serving
2
______ servings daily of fruits, especially those with skins and edible seeds
2-4
Women over 51yrs should have about how much fiber
21g
Dietary fiber amount recommended for women younger than 50yrs old
25g
how many servings of vegetables daily
3-5
Men over 51yrs recommended fiber amount
30g
Recommended level of dietary fiber for men younger than 50yrs old
38g
Consistent with other carbohydrate products, glucose polymers provide energy equivalent to ____
4cal/g.