Career Development
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?
"Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality.
Linda Gottfredson's theory of cicumscription
(phase one: rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender, stereotypes, and social class) and compromise (phase two: change mind, major etc. if career path is not truly realistic). This is developmental approach taking one's childhood into account. Social space refers to the zone of territory of jobs where he or she fits into society.
Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?
A 33 year old female drill press operator
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that
A very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college
John Krumbolts postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of
Albert Bandura
Donald Super's self-concept and developmental stage theory.
Also referred to as a life span, life-space model. Self- concept, as well as career/vocational maturity, influences one's career throughout the life span. His life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner. Super initially didn't believe he created a theory, but felt his work might be the basis for segments of future theories. He felt mislabeled.
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach
Attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach this makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was
Bordin
Edgar H. Schein's eight career anchors theory
Career anchors manifest approximately 5-10 years after a person begins work and guide future career choices. Career anchors are based on the self-concept, abilities, and what the person is good at. Originally, Schein indentified five anchors, but now eight are used: (1) autonomy/independence; (2) security/stability; (3) technical/functional competence; (4) general managerial competence; (5) entrepreneurial creativity; (6) service/dedication to a cause; (7) pure challenge; (8) lifestyle
Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma's developmental approach ... aka the Ginzberg Group ... or Ginzberg and Associates
Created by an economist, a psychiatrist, a sociologist, and a psychologist. The first developmental approach to occupational choice. The developmental stages are: ages 11 and under - fantasy; early adolescence, ages 11-17 - tentative; and age 17 into early adulthood - realistic. Original hypothesis was that career choice was irreversible was later dropped
The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by
David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara
A duel career family (or dual worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual career families.
Dual career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual earner household from a household or family. All the statements below are false except
Dual-career families earn more than dual earner families.
Trait-and-factor-matching theory
E.G. Williamson based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. Relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude, and interests with a given occupation.
Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development
Fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20's)
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing
Fields and levels
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hoppock's theory, based on the work of _______ is also considered a personality approach. a. Donald Super b. Robert Rosenthal c. David Wechsler d. Henry Murray
Henry Murray
John Krumboltz's Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)
Initially dubbed as a social learning theory. Four factors can be used to simplify the career development process: (1) Genetic endowment and unique abilities; (2) environmental conditions and life events; (3) learning experiences (either Pavlovian, social learning theory, or Skinnerian); and (4) task approach skills (problem solving, cognitive responses, and emotional patterns). Research validates the original social learning theory, but additional studies are needed to back up the newer learning theory of career counseling.
Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of
John Crites
As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing
John Holland
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of
John Holland
The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for
K-12, postsecondary, and even adults.
Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are overrepresented in _______________ positions while women often have
Labor and executive positions; pink collar jobs
Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice
Lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.
Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the
Occupational Outlook Handbook
When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to
Occupational Outlook Handbook
The trait factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with
Parsons and Williamson
Some support for Roe's theory comes from
Rorschach and TAT
Mark Savicka's career construction postmodern theory:
Savickas, who worked with Donald Super, is critical of most traditional theories. His work is heavily rooted in narrative therapy in which the client's life is viewed as a story he or she has constructed, and intervention focuses on recurring themes to re-author the story.
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized
Since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern
The trait and factor or actuarial approach asserts that
Testing is an important part of the counseling process. A counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job
You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be
The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,
The choice of a career helps to satisfy an individuals needs
In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called
The father of vocational guidance
Anne Roe's early childhood needs-theory approach
Vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age. Is the client person-oriented (teaching) or nonperson-oriented (computer programming)? Roe was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines (the importance of the parent-child relationship) as well as Maslow. Roe's work has generated a wealth of research. Studies do not totally support this approach, however it is extremely difficult to control the longitudinal variables involved. The Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and Career Occupational Preference System make use of Roe's fields and levels taxonomy
Holland believed that
a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.
According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be:
a psychiatrist
In a life time the average person has a. 10-15 jobs b. 2 jobs c. a single job and stays with it for his or her entire career d. about 5 jobs
a. 10-15 jobs
Super's life-span theory emphasizes ___________ life stages. a. five b. four c. three d. nine
a. Five Growth (birth to age 14) Exploration (15-24) Establishment (24-44) Maintenance (44-64) Decline (65 +)
All of the examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except: a. Outdoor b. Semiskilled c. Semiprofessional/ small business d. Professional and managerial
a. Outdoor
A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision" The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems: a. Predictive, value, and decision b. Internal, external, and in-between c. predictive, external, and internal d. internal and external
a. Predictive, value, and decision
A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described a. as a displaced homemaker b. as a victim of underemployment c. by conducting a job analysis d. as a victim of the hidden job market
a. as a displaced homemaker
The system of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices are a. computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG) b. paper and pencil career tests c. career theories proposed in the 1940's d. computer systems which are slower to use than traditional texts such as the DOT or the OOH
a. computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG)
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a __________ digit code
a. nine The first three digits designated the occupational category and devisions, the middle three described tasks in relation to data and people, and things respectively. The final digits helped alphabetize titles.
At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work" This technically implies a. the client will not need to life over 10 pounds b. the client will not need to life over 100 pounds c. the client will be standing a lot d. the client could walk or stand up to six hours daily
a. the client will not need to life over 10 pounds
In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with
alternatives and the probability of outcomes
Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that
an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.
The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits of the DOT code referred to
an occupational group
At its zenith the DOT listed
approximately 20,000 job titles.
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice
are indicative of neurotic symptoms
According to the concept of occupational sex segregation a. most women hold high paying executive jobs b. most women hold low-paying jobs with low status c. most women hold jobs which require a college degree d. men still make considerably less than women
b. most women hold low-paying jobs with low status
According to the concept of sex-wage, or gender-wage discrimination a. women make more then men for doing the same job b. women make less than men for doing the same job c. men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation. d. women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job.
b. women make less than men for doing the same job
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice
based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the a. APA b. AACD c. APGA d. NASW
c. APGA
Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The Pioneer theorists in this area----- who were the first to forsake the matching models-- were a. Super and Roe b. Hoppock and Holland c. Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma d. Brill and Bordin
c. Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma
A displaced homemaker might have grown children or a. be widowed and seeking employment b. be divorced and seeking employment c. a and b. d. none of the above
c. a and b.
A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests a. positive transference b. negative transference c. counselor bias based on gender bias d. sex-wage discrimination
c. counselor bias based on gender bias
Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often a. make the same job choice as a man b. choose supervisory position more often than a man. c. have lower career aspirations than a man d. choose a career well above her ability level.
c. have lower career aspirations than a man
A male client who hate his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as a. the recency effect b. the leniency/strictness bias c. the compensatory effect d. spillover
c. the compensatory effect
The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes a. id impulses b. The Critical Parent c. the self-concept d. ego strength
c. the self-concept
Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on
circumscription and compromise theory.
Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category.
conventional
Lifestyle includes a) work. b) leisure. c) style of living. d) all of the above.
d) all of the above.
The model Krumboltz suggested is a) a human capital theory. b) an accident theory of career development. c) a status attainment theory. d) the behavioristic model of career development.
d) the behavioristic model of career development.
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of a. Anne Roe b. John Holland c. H.B. Gelatt d. Albert Bandura
d. Albert Bandura
Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that a. the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood b. career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span c. career choice is reversible d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Self-Directed Search (SDS) is a. based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types b. self-administered c. self-scored and self-interpreted d. all of the above.
d. all of the above. John Holland introduced the SDS in 1970 to help those who did not have access or could not afford professional career counseling. It is a Self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted test.
A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and afterwork. This phenomenon is best described as a. the contrast effect b. sublimation c. the compensatory effect d. spillover
d. spillover
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except: a. Service b. Science c. Arts and entertainment d. Unskilled
d. unskilled
In terms of leisure time and dual career families/couples
dual -career families/couples have less leisure time
Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be
enterprising
Social cognitive counseling theory (SCCT)
focuses on how one's belief system impacts career choice
A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman" is showing an example of
gender bias
In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that
genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice.
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take ______________ into account
individual change throughout the life span
Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _______ type.
investigative
In the dual career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than i the traditional family. in a dual-career household the woman
is typically secure in her career before she has children.
A 37 year old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's
job or position
The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that
most jobs are not advertised.
In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that
most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI)
Statistics reveal that
on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _______ theorists.
personality
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _____ typology?
realistic
The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience
satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests.
The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is
securing information via ads in the newspaper
Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.
six
Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely
social
Studies indicate that
students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _______ according to Brill's theory of career choice.
sublimation
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-defense mechanism.
sublimation
A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely
suggest a site visit to a work setting
Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?
the approach is developmental and this focuses on career maturity.
The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal
the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types
Super's life-span theory includes
the life-career rainbow.
When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean
the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations
Occupational aptitude tests like the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test (ASVAB) grew out of the _____.
trait and factor movement related to career counseling
A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast food restaurant due to lack of jobs in the field is a victim of
underemployment
John Holland's six personality and six work environments career typology is
visually depicted with a hexagon that includes six personality types/work environments: realistic (machine shop worker or dog walker), investigative (researcher or chemist), artistic (singer or book author), social (teacher or counselor), enterprising (sales personnel or business owner), and conventional (secretary or file clerk). RIASEC, if you will. Congruence between the person and the job is emphasized. Person is categorized using three digit codes such as SEC.
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child
will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e. moves) toward people or away from people.