Carmichael exam semester 1

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Beccaria

(1738-1794) wrote 'On Crimes and Punishments', wanted laws to conform to rational laws of nature

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Emmeline Pankhurst

(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union.

Treaty of Ax-la-Chapelle

- 1748 - War of Austrian Succession - All territories return t0 original owners except Silesia - Prussia refused to return Silesia

John Calvin's beliefs

- god is perfect, humans are corrupt, weak, + insignificant - predestination: god has determined who will go to heaven and who will go to hell - the elect have a duty to Christianize the state (church over state); ideal government is a theocracy - a very few people will be saved from sin --> "the elect"

Karl Marx beliefs

-Rich take advantage of the poor -The best system is one where people cooperate and share. -No private property.

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

Leopold II

1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens

A charter of basic liberties, proclaimed equal rights for all men, but no political rights for women

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Anabaptists

A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

Paternalism

A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights.

No Man's Land

A strip of land beween the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1

Divine Rights of Kings

A theory that assumed that God appointed all monarchs to rule on his behalf. Therefore, any policy, decree, plan, or approach adopted by royalty could not be questioned or disobeyed.

importance of the printing press

Allowed the ideas of the Renaissance to be spread quickly and easily through books

Henry of Navarre and how he became king

Although baptized as a Catholic, Henry was raised as a Protestant by his mother, who had declared Calvinism the religion of Navarre. As a teenager, Henry joined the Huguenot forces in the French Wars of Religion. On 9 June 1572, upon his mother's death, the 19-year-old became King of Navarre

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Line of Demarcation/Treaty of Tordesillas

An imaginary line that divided the world between the Spanish and Portuguese.

secret ballot

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

Christian Humanist

Believe in the power of human potential while following Christian values

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Main economic activity in New France

Building a fur trade

Zionest movement

Calls for Jewish nation to be established. Philistine is In Israel.After Holocaust the state of Israel was established in 1947 by taking half of Philistine

Famine in Ireland

Caused a social crisis in Ireland which British government had to deal with. The Corn Laws were already a big issue in Britain. The famine gave Peel excuse to end them. This might allow more cheap food into Ireland.

Napoleon and his agreement with the Catholic Church

Concordat of 1801, agreement reached on July 15, 1801, between Napoleon Bonaparte and papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris

absolute ruler and the countries they ruled

Countries where monarchs still maintain absolute power are Brunei, Eswatini, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Vatican City and the individual emirates composing the United Arab Emirates, which itself is a federation of such monarchies

Oliver Cromwell and the new model army

Cromwell's answer was to establish a full-time and professional fighting force, which would become known as the New Model Army. This initially consisted of around 20,000 men split into 11 regiments. Unlike the militias of old these would be trained fighting men able to go anywhere in the country

Edward Jenner

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796

Ninety-Five Theses

Document written by Martin Luther and posted on a church door in Germany that listed 95 things that Luther saw wrong with the church

other countries who challenged Spain and Portugal when in settling in America

England, France, and the Dutch Republic

Jethro Tull

English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

the Holy Roman Emperor and his role in the Peace of Augsburg

Ferdinand I, concluded the era of religious strife in Germany following the rise of Lutheranism

Napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Luther's ideas and beliefs

His "95 Theses," which propounded two central beliefs—that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds—was to spark the Protestant Reformation

James Watts

Inventor who developed the steam engine in the mid 1700's

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio (1874-1937)

Shaka Zulu

Leader of Zulu people, Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887.

King Louis and the third estate

Louis XVI assembled the Estates-General, a national assembly that represented the three "estates" of the French people-the nobles, the clergy, and the commons

what was the main idea that Luther and Calvin did not agree on?

Martin Luther and Calvin's ideas differed because Luther rejected St. Augustine's idea of predestination

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Chartist Movement

Movement sought to expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain.

Jewel of the Crown

Name given to India, because it was the most valuable of all British colonies

The first country to give full voting rights to women

New Zealand

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

Denis Diderot

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Ram Mohun Roy and India

Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian reformer who was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha

Maji Maji Rebellion

Rebellion (1905) of east Africans that sought to defeat the Germans through traditional magic.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

European main reasons for exploration

So they could explore the rest of the world, get spices, gain land, and gain profit.

Prince Henry influence on exploration

Sponsor the explorations

importance of the battle of Trafalgar

The battle ended with a clear victory for the British forces. This allowed Britain to become the world's largest sea power for 100 years. The Battle of Trafalgar was the most important sea battle of the 19th century

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

reason many peasants stop supporting the national assembly/french revolution

The nobility refused to pay more taxes, and the peasants simply couldn't

Beliefs of the philosophes

The philosophes are French social critics in the mid-1700s Value reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Henry VIII's split with the Roman Catholic Church

When Henry secretly married Anne, he was excommunicated from the Catholic Church

Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Vasco da Gama

a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea

Scientific Method

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

courtier

a person who attends a royal court as a companion or adviser to the king or queen.

Sepoy Mutiny

an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India

Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller

built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

Edict of Worms

declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire and his works were to be burned and Luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

factors of production

land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

Ten Hours Act of 1847

limited the workday to 10 hours for women a and children who worked in factories

Aborgines

people who migrated to Australia from Asia at least 40,000 years ago. The original settlers of Australia. had complex religious belief and social structures but a simple economy- lived by hunting and gathering

Menelik II

reforming leader who tried to modernize Ethiopia, allowing it to avoid colonial takeover

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Principle of Intervention

the Idea that the great powers have the right to use military force to restore order in countries threatened by revolution.

estates and which group belonged to each

the clergy (First Estate) and nobility (Second Estate)—which were privileged minorities—and the Third Estate, which represented the majority of the people

only body of government was created by the article of confederation

the congress

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Scorched Earth Policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

Brest-Litovsk

treaty making peace between Germany and Russia

prince William (Netherlands and England)

widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702

what caused the economic crisis that initially triggered the french revolution

widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI

Dante/ Divine comedy

written in Italian, influenced by Virgil, Dante led through hell by Virgil