CBEST READING

numeric data

"reading for detail" additional info you have to take into account

what is the chronological order of the steps in bold below?

(BEFORE: changes the order!! this comes after that the fact.) EXAMPLE: "Before you BUY A PLANT you should DO RESEARCH on what grows well in your area. Then after purchasing your plant, you should WRAP THE PLANT in a protective bag so it is not damaged on the trip home. After you get the plant home, GIVE THE PLANT SOME WATER. ANSWER: 1.do research 2.buy the plant 3.wrap the plant 4.give the plant some water

Opinion

(Here's what I think and here's why I think it.) Example: "I believe that the best way to ultimately reduce business debt is to increase income..." *presented as a opinion/belief here's why I think it, but not forming foundation of an argument.

figurative usage

*symbolic its a metaphor for something else EXAMPLE: The man was a raging wall. (meaning he lost his temper)

facts and opinions examples

-Tiger woods is the best golfer in the world. (OPINION) - The New York Yankees have won more world series games than any other baseball team. (FACT -this is either true or not true) - Modern medicine is an improvement over the medical techniques used in medieval times. (OPINION) -most people will agree with this) -improvement subjective qualifier/may or may not be true

ETHOS

-celebrity endorsement -"plain folks" endorsement *talk to regular people on the street

LOGOS

-description of product features *bandwagon convincing people -product comparison

PATHOS

-humor -appeal to security/fear *making you afraid -snob appeal *emotions -bandwagon *group of people -appeal to individualism *emotions opposite of bandwagon

summarize AVOID

AVOID: -statements that add something new to, or expand on, the statements -statements that omit essential elements or place undue weight -KEY THEME they didn't cover has to be comprehensive

when you see the words best/worst

BEST/WORST just know we aren't talking about facts we are talking about *OPINIONS

Colloquialisms

EXAMPLE: -Y'ALL go down there... -YOU GUYS go down there....

(and, even if, when)

EXAMPLE: I think the road trip to Memphis will be fun _________ the concert is sold out. ANSWER: *even if most logical: taking road trip is fun even if the other thing turns out to be true the concert being sold out.

idiomatic usage

EXAMPLE: It's raining cats and dogs. *we understand its raining very hard

( although, and, because)

EXAMPLE: The quarter back could not throw as well as usual _______his shoulder was injured. ANSWER: *because most likely: direct relationship he cant throw well because his shoulder is injured. *the next part explains why

ironic usage

EXAMPLE: I love getting a root canal. *clearly their meaning is being opposite of what they said.

(while, and, however)

EXAMPLE: The patient listened to music_______ the dentist was cleaning her teeth. ANSWER: *while represents: something is going on while something is happening.

assumptions vs. opinions

EXAMPLE: grapefruits are the most delicious fruit. - this is my opinion (that's not assumption) *assumption seem to be a fact but no evidence for.

Example of a persuasive techniques you see in advertising today

IMAGES: celebrity endorsement wealthy people smoking cigarettes' (snob appeal)

parts of books

INCLUDE: -table of contents -chapters -body text -footnotes -bibliography -index -glossary

vocabulary/word passage

KEY THING: give you different definitions of a word. some may be correct but not correct of how its used in a passage.

Inference

MAKE SURE: conclusion based on the evidence in passage. -what does it mean? -what are they trying to say? figure out what other things would be true based on what they told you there in passage.

chronological order

another common way of organizing piece of writing. Example: describes the history of the game basketball explain origin of basketball when it was invented and how it developed. *started at beg going in forward in time at present.

order of events

answer: -read back carefully -revaluate -mark events number them -write out summary of order of events USE: understand type of order (order in such as time) verbal in passage pay close attention to

Purpose and intended audience

ask you what is your purpose or who is the audience of the writing

authors POV

asked to summarize authors point of view? 1st person: person telling the story is in the story. (character in the story) 3rd person: someone outside the story telling you the story. ex. narrator not in the story is telling you the story.

graphs/tables

be careful in reading graphs and tables, and verify each potential answer against the graph. DO NOT: Ignore headings and descriptions that contextualize the info presented.

common organizational patterns

be on the look out for

EXPOSTION

beg. location setting, meet main characters we are learning about this world where the story takes place.

compare and contrast

careful reading and thoughtful analysis of the passage. EXAMPLE: make sure something is being compared and contrast based on what the question is asking you.

expressions and common figures of speech

certain words or phrases within a passage - many definitions best way to use in passage.

invalid compare and contrast

comparing or contrasting two things but its not supportive. *can be true but nothing in passage to support it. nothing to support its not the right answer.

appropriate addition

different paragraphs as for Lincolns election some are about his economic and relationship with political party. EXAMPLE: add a sentence to, relationship to political party. specifically with paragraph you are suppose to add to. only focus on that section you need to add information too.

comparisons and contrasts not supported in the passage (whether valid or invalid)

doesn't matter if they are valid or invalid if there's nothing in the passage that doesn't support it. its not the comparison and contrast they are looking for. *being able to read what they gave you and using the information they provided by comparing and contrasting.

conclusion

draw upon the information given in the passage as well your own logic. KEY: must distinguish between what must be true and what is probably true.

DENOUEMENT

falling action that happens after the climax. EX. what happens with characters years later.

Logic

figure out what will be best thing to fill in logical flow between ideas. the best answer is one which gives continuity to the passage logical flow. * this idea leads to this idea and to this one builds on each other that makes sense.

where to find info/ how to use it

generally organized, you should look at the table of contents. -if you are trying to determine if a specific topic appears in a book, or where it appears

persuasive techniques/styles

give passage: what technique did the author in this passage use to pursue you ? -ethos -pathos -logos best arguments tend to use elements of all three of these. -commercials -political -emotion way -logical sense

facts

has actual existence presented as a piece of information FACTS ARE OBJECTIVE (not bias) taking another's opinion EX. Sacramento is in the state of California (no argument to go against)

what is the authors outlook how they see the subject?

how do they see this subject. LOOK FOR: viewpoint immediately supported by the passage -you feel would be most appropriate EXAMPLE: Someone can have a argument against slavery? which is this authors point of view? ANSWER: What is the author arguing look for what's in the passage!! *because he wrote this "...." its stated in the passage.

opinion

is a belief or judgment based on grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty. OPINIONS ARE SUBJECTIVE (view is bias) something can be fairly certain

facts and opinion complete certainty

it is something has actual existence and is usually presented as a piece of information

assumptions

made by the author: may be reasonable and may be correct. NOT clear supporting evidence. Ex. we believe to be a fact even though there is not clear supporting evidence.

INICITING INCIDENT

main conflict of story, women gets killed by shark, realize shark is on the loose and they need to go after it.

RISING ACTION

main conflict of the battle they think they got the shark but killed someone else. (the back and forth battle)

Sweeping generalizations

makes an oversimplified statement about a group based on limited information RED FLAGS: -all of something -never true -never does -none -always (these extremes are not the case)

extrapolation and application

may be asked to: apply what you've learned or extrapolate: what would likely be true in a given scenario based on the information provided in the passage. EXAMPLE: what you learned and amply to another scenario.

exaggeration

probably not true EXAMPLE: that man was as big as a house. *not true but understand the meaning of the expression.

structure/ organization

prose works can be organized in a variety of ways.

reading for detail

read back through entire passage before selecting an answer. -last part of the passage -most memorable part may mislead you if you do not pay close attention to all the info given.

PROBLEM -> SOLUTION

see passage here's a problem we encounter with this city on parking meters? ex. describe parking meter in detail. (first set up problem and describe it in detail)

exposition -> inciting incident-> rising action-> climax -> denouement

see this a lot in story telling and fiction. Example: -movie jaws

Thesis Statement

similar to a theme, but usually applies to argumentative writing. "main point the writer is trying to make"

assumption

something that we are building our statement on that we are looking at as a fact but no supporting evidence behind it. EXAMPLE: " all life forms are carbon-based, therefore life cannot exist on planets that do not contain at least some amount of carbon." ^ this is a assumption. may be true but no direct proof of that so that is an assumption.

broad concepts

specific details or Example: -California has lots of dif. theme parks such as Disneyland, Knotts, and Sea World.

"official" or articulately-written

statements digressive or irrelevant passage reading EXAMPLE: How Abraham Lincoln got elected and talking about policies and how it gave him support of his northerners. ANSWER: not related to issues of how he got elected. *sounds well written but not relevant to the paragraph

thesis statement

supporting arguments and details --> closing summary Example: - Disneyland is the best theme park in California. fast pass don't have to wait in line (support arguments) as we seen best rides no waiting in lines its clear Disneyland is best theme park in California. (closing summary)

Pathos

the appeal to emotion EXAMPLE: we don't solve problem right away we are going to lose our home and go broke. *appeal to fear, joy emotional response

logos

the appeal to logic EXAMPLE: Does the point to someone making make sense why does something happen if you do a certain thing?

ethos

the appeal to the credibility of the speaker. EXAMPLE: I'm a doctor I'm going to tell you something about your health. *gives you more Etho how credible you are as a speaker

topic sentence

the central idea of what that paragraph is about. sometimes the first sentence, not always ex. sentence 3, main point of the paragraph.

title

the key choosing the best title for a passage is to choose the title that "best reflects the central idea of the passage." the title need not be the flashiest choice. KEY THING ITS DESCRIBING WILL LEAD YOU TO THE BEST TITLE

Theme

the main idea "what the passage is about"

reasonable

there is typically no reasonable argument against a fact. *facts are objective

avoid choosing statements

too broad or sweeping avoid choosing statements that are not supported in some way by the information given in the passage. *the correct answers are usually qualify or limited statements.

style and diction

vocabulary is simple, high-level, academic, conversational? jargon: terms used in certain field. formal: publication informal: write to friend

literal/denotative

what does this mean? denotative: strict definition meaning of the word

Logic question example

what is being said before and after blank space. what is missing link between these two ideas? Example: Summers were always a lot of fun for me. _____________ The only down side was I got a lot of sunburns. A. I was off school (doesn't make clear transition) ANSWER: B. During my time off I often hung out at the beach. ( connects the idea of summer being fun and the downside of getting sunburned) looks for something that logically flows.

tone

what is the author's view of the subject? written for people who like: -comedy -thriller for the intended audience

Passage organization

what way was this passage organized? LOOKING AT structure of ideas (how one idea flowed to the next in so far) PROMPT what is each sentence trying to accomplish how they relate to one another.

CLIMAX

where the main conflict gets resolved the shark kills them or they kill the shark. ( gets resolved)

summarize

which of the following statements will be the best summary of the passage? KEEP IN MIND: comprehension : all main points, key parts, previous statements, what was said already main point of what was trying to be said. SUMMARIZE WHAT WAS IN THE PASSAGE?

conclusion example

which of these is a conclusion that you can form based on the information provided in this passage? EXAMPLE: People who have a cold got different amounts of sleep every night. the people who some of them got 8 hours of sleep some got 4 hours of sleep at night. the people who got 8 hours of sleep got more to sleep. A. getting more sleep at night is helpful and fighting off illness (true based on our knowledge) B. the people based on research people who got more sleep is more likely to fight off the cold. look for evidence given in the passage and that answer will be true.

relevant information

will be asked: what sentence might be added to a certain part of a passage. start by summarizing what the paragraph is actually about.

connectives

words or phrases that join various ideas together. -connecting different ideas. what is it saying about relationship within two ideas?

Subject matter

would this topic be appropriate? ex. is this a general news story? general audience? (for scientist, teach children)

points supporting an argument

you will be asked to find key supporting points of an argument?