CC 100 Exam 2

Ethos

Speaker's credibility

Guidelines for Causal Reasoning

1. Avoid false causes 2. Avoid assuming an event has only one cause 3. Cite supporting evidence to strengthen your cause/effect relationships.

Guidelines for Introductory Speeches

1. Be brief 2. Be accurate 3. Be appropriate

Guidelines for Analogical Reasoning

1. Be sure what you are comparing is actually alike in some way

Guidelines for Narratives

1. Does it make a specific point? 2. Is the length appropriate? 3. Is the language vivid and the delivery appropriate to the story? 4. Is the story appropriate for my audience?

Guidelines for Statistics

1. Evaluate your stats carefully 2. Use stats sparingly

Enhancing your credibility

1. Explain your competence at the beginning of the speech 2. Establish common ground 3. Deliver your speech fluently with expression and conviction

Guidelines for Cited Sources

1. Give credit to others 2. Give specific information about your source 3. Deliver all information accurately

The purpose of visual aids

1. Help gain and maintain audience attention 2. Help the audience recall information 3. Help explain and clarify information 4. May increase persuasiveness and enhance credibility 5. May reduce nervousness (speaker)

Guidelines for Examples

1. Is the example relevant and appropriate? 2. Is the hypothetical example ethical? 3. Are there enough examples to support your claim? 4.Have you accounted for the counter examples?

Reliable web sources?

1. Is the information reliable? 2. Is the information authoritative? 3. How current is the information? 4. How complete is the information? 5. Is the information relevant? 6. Is the information consistent and unbiased?

Guidelines for Definitions

1. Is the source of the definition credible? 2. Have you avoided proper meaning superstition? 3.Have you actually defined the terms?

Guidelines for Testimony

1. Is the source of your testimony credible? 2. Is the testimony biased? 3. Have you paraphrased accurately? 4. Is the testimony connected to your point?

Guidelines for Videotapes/Audiotapes

1. Keep your clip brief 2. Cue and edit audio segment ahead of time 3. Don't compete with the segments

Guidelines for Ethos

1. Make sure the audience views you as a competent and of good character.

Guidelines for Objects, Models, and Demonstrations

1. Make sure they enhance understanding 2. Make sure they are legal and unthreatening 3. Practice your demonstration beforehand

Guidelines for Inductive Reasoning

1. Make sure you have enough examples to make your claim 2. Make sure your generalizations are accurate 3. Support your inductive arguments with stats or testimony

Guidelines for Poster Boards/Flip Charts

1. Make the design as professional as possible 2. Speak to the audience, not your board or chart

Guidelines for Handouts

1. Mark the points you want to emphasize 2. Distribute before or after the meeting 3. Remember: they supplement the message

Places you can find supporting material

1. On the internet 2. In the library 3. On online and in print catalogs 4. In databases/indexes 5. Government documents 6. Reference works

Guidelines for Mythos

1. Part of the story can tell the whole story 2. Has a logic 3. Different cultures have different myths

Guidelines for a Commemorative Speech

1. Share what is unique and special 2. Express sincere appreciation 3. Tell the truth

Guidelines for Pathos

1. Stay audience centered 2. Use vivid language 3. Balance emotion and reason

Guidelines for Deductive Reasoning

1. Strengthen with additional evidence or reasoning 2. Make sure major and minor premises lead to a logical conclusion

Guidelines for Sign Reasoning

1. Think about whether an alternative explanation is more credible 2. Make sure a sign is not an isolated instance 3. If you can find instances in which a sign does not indicate a particular event, you do not have a solid argument

Guidelines for Powerpoint Presentations

1. Understand it is made to enhance your speech 2. Prepare and practice in advance

Guidelines for an Acceptance Speech

1. Understand the purpose of the award 2. Recognize others 3. Respect time limitations

Guidelines for an Entertainment Speech

1. Use humor carefully 2. Speak about meaningful issues 3. Pay careful attention to your delivery

Guidelines for Logos

1. Use specific evidence 2. Present new information 3. Present novel information 4. Use credible sources

Ethical Persuasive Speeches

1. What is my position and why do I hold it? 2. What are my audience's positions and why do they hold them? 3. Why am I qualified to persuade my audience on this topic? 4. Is my request reasonable?

Guidelines for Chalkboards/Whiteboards

1. Write neatly and legibly 2. Speak to the audience, not to the board

Mythos

Interrelated set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings held by members of a particular society or culture.

Logos

Logical arrangement of evidence in a speech

Reflective Thinking Method

5 step method for structuring a discussion: 1. Identify the problem 2. Analyze the problem 3. Suggest possible solutions 4. Consider the implications of the solutions 5. Reach a decision about the best solution (6. Implement the solution)

Object

A Visual aid that can be seen or touched. They help the audience understand concepts or ideas by supplying a visual representation. It engages the audience and works best when you are talking about a smaller object.

Audience

A complex and varied group of people the speaker addresses

Problem Solving Session

A discussion among group members that uses the Reflective Thinking Method to identify solutions to a problem.

Attitude

A general positive or negative feeling a person has about something.

Entertainment Speech

A lighthearted speech that addresses issues or ideas in a humorous way. Ex. Barbara bush in 1990 speech to Wellesley College.

Agenda

A list of topics that will be discussed in a meeting and for how long.

Value

A person's idea of what is good, worthy, or important.

Belief

A person's idea of what is real or true or not.

Question of Policy

A persuasive speech that addresses the best course of action or solution to a problem.

Question of Value

A persuasive speech that addresses the meaning or morality of an object, action, or belief.

Question of Fact

A persuasive speech that addresses whether something is verifiably true or not

Team Presentation

A presentation consisting of several individual members of a group, with each presenting a different speech on a single topic.

Analogical Reasoning

A process of reasoning by way of comparison and similarity that implies that because two things resemble each other in one respect, they also share similarities in another respect.

Symposium

A public discussion in which several people each give speeches on different aspects of the same topic.

Oral Report

A speech given by an individual that presents a group's findings, conclusions, or proposals to other member's of a group or to a larger audience.

Tribute

A speech given to honor someone.

Award

A speech given to present a specific award to someone and describe why that person is receiving the award.

Persuasive Speech

A speech that attempts to change or reinforce an audience's thoughts, feelings, or actions.

Informative Speech

A speech that communicates knowledge and understanding about a process, and event, a person or place, an object, or a concept.

Acceptance Speech

A speech that expresses gratitude, appreciation, and pleasure at receiving an honor or a gift. Ex. Rigoberta Menchu when receiving the Nobel Peace Prize.

Commemorative Speech

A speech that praises, honors, recognizes, or pays tribute to a person, an event, an idea, or an institution. Ex. Nelson Mandela upon his release from prison.

Introductory Speech

A speech that provides an audience with a unique perspective on the person introduced. Ex. Georgia senator Max Cleland at the 2004 Democratic national convention

Panel Discussion

A structured discussion, facilitated by a moderator, among group members that takes place in front of an audience.

Cited Sources

A type of evidence that adds credibility to your speech and is ethical.

Definitions

A type of evidence that consists of a statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase. Could be denotative (from the dictionary) or connotative (personal experience). Used to clarify and create understanding, to clarify emotionally or politically charged words, to illustrate what something is not, or to trace the history of a word.

Examples

A type of evidence that consists of specific instances used to illustrate a concept, experience, issue, or problem. It can be real or hypothetical and is used to clarify concepts, reinforce points, bring concepts to life or to elicit emotions. They can be used to build your case or make credible generalizations.

Narratives

A type of evidence that consists of stories that recount or foretell real or hypothetical events. They help explain/interpret/understand events in our lives and the lives of others. Can be brief or extended. They can be used to personalize a point, to challenge an audience to think in new ways, to draw and audience in emotionally, or to unite with your audience.

Testimony

A type of evidence that consists of using the opinions or observations of others. Can take the form of direct quotations or paraphrases. Types: expert, peer, and personal. Use it when you need the voice of an expert, to illustrate differences, or agreements. Use personal when your experience says it best and to improve listenability.

Statistics

A type of evidence which consists of numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings. Help audiences understand amounts, proportions, and percentages. Also help audiences make sense of large chunks of information. Types: mean, median, and mode. Use them to synthesize large amounts of info, when numbers tell a powerful story, and when numerical evidence strengthens a claim.

Model

A visual aid that is a copy of an object, usually built to scale, that represents an object in detail. Is helpful in showing/explaining an object that would have otherwise been difficult to show. They could be smaller, larger, or life sized.

Demonstration

A visual aid that is a display of how something is done or how it works. It helps the audience get a better understanding of your topic and grabs the audience's attention.

Powerpoint Presentations

A visual aid which allows speakers to create slides containing text, diagrams, and images which can be rendered, edited, printed out, or made to include audio/video clips.

Inferences

Mental leaps the audience makes when they recognize that a speaker's evidence supports his/her claims.

Secondary Emotions

Pride, Guilt, Shame, (Reverence)

Organization of Policy

Problem/Solution, Problem/Cause/Solution, Comparative Advantage, Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Intertextuality

Process in which stories reference other stories or rely on parts of other stories to be complete.

Sign Reasoning

Process of reasoning that assumes something exists or will happen based on something else that exists or has happened.

Causal Reasoning

Process of reasoning that supports a claim by establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

Deductive Reasoning

Process of reasoning that uses a familiar and commonly accepted claim to establish the truth of a very specific claim.

Inductive Reasoning

Process of reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to make a claim about a general conclusion.

Organization of Value

Chronological, Spatial, Topical

Chalkboards/Whiteboards

Allows you to create visual aids during your speech. Come in handy when you need to respond immediately to questions or confusion. Handy when trying to keep track of points made during a discussion.

Demographic Audience Analysis

An analysis that takes into account the age, country of origin, ethnicity and race, physical ability or disability, family status, religion, and gender of an audience.

Ad Hominem Fallacy

An argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than that person's arguments

Either or Fallacy

An argument in which a speaker claims our options are "Either A or B" when actually more than 2 options exist. Also called a false dilemma.

Slippery Slope Fallacy

An argument in which a speaker claims that taking a first step in one direction will lead to inevitable/undesirable further steps.

Fallacy

An argument that seems correct but has unsound reasoning supporting it.

Red Herring Fallacy

An argument which introduces irrelevant information to distract an audience from the real issue.

Place or Person

An informative speech that describes a significant, interesting, or unusual place or person is about a ________.

Process

An informative speech that describes how something is done, how something to comes to be what it is, or how something works is about a ______.

Event

An informative speech that describes or explains a significant, interesting, or unusual occurrence is about an ______.

Concept

An informative speech that is about an abstraction or something that you can't perceive with your senses such as an idea, a theory, a principle, a worldview, or a belief is about a _____.

Object

An informative speech that is about anything that is tangible or can be perceived by the senses is about an ________.

Bandwagon Fallacy

Argument that something is correct or good because everyone agrees with it

Competence

Audience's view of a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject.

Character

Audience's view of a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the wellbeing of the audience.

Organization of Fact

Chronological, Spatial (location), Topical

Major Premise

Claim in an argument that states a familiar, commonly accepted belief (also called the general principle)

Minor Premise

Claim in an argument that states a specific instance linked to the major premise.

Toulman Model

Claim- Grounds- Warrant- Backing

Terminal Credibility

Credibility a speaker has at the end of the speech

Initial Credibility

Credibility a speaker has before giving a speech

Derived Credibility

Credibility a speaker has earned during a speech

Pathos

Emotional appeals made by a speaker.

Primary Emotions

Fear, Anger, Surprise, Sadness, Disgust, Happiness

Purpose of a Commemorative Speech

Help an audience appreciate the importance of a person, an event, an idea, or an institution. OR to illustrate for an audience a person's unique achievements or the special impact of an idea, event, or institution.

Warrant

How do you know the grounds support the claim?

Backing

How do you know the warrant supports the grounds?

Special Occasion Speeches

Speeches delivered to celebrate, to reflect, to remember, or to establish a common purpose or goal.

Meeting

The formal gathering of a group to discuss an issue or solve a problem.

Poster Boards/Flip Charts

These visual aids are good for when you are speaking more than once. You can trace out what you are going to say to ensure neatness/spelling. Great for small audiences only for larger audiences won't be able to see them.

Videotapes/Audiotapes

These visual aids help support the speech with video and audio clips. They can help bring the presentation to life and help add clarity to topics. However, they may take over the presentation, make sure they are just supplementary.

Small Group

Three to fifteen people who must work together to achieve a common goal and who have the ability to influence one another through verbal and nonverbal communication.

Audience Centered Speaking

To acknowledge your audience by considering and listening to the unique, diverse, and common perspectives of the audience members before, during and after your speech. Helps you craft an appropriate, listenable message that the audience will take into consideration.

Purpose of an Introductory Speech

To acquaint the audience with a person, to establish the credibility of the person, or to generate enthusiasm for the person.

Purpose of an Entertainment Speech

To entertain the audience and to make the audience think.

Purpose of an Acceptance Speech

To thank the audience and organization that has presented you with the award. To show your awareness of the significance of the award. To acknowledge the people who helped you accomplish what you're being honored for.

Handouts

Visual aids that provide detailed info that the audience can refer to during a speech, or read later and pass on to others. They help elaborate on your message and pass it along to a larger audience.

Claim

What do you think or want to propose?

Grounds

Why do you think or want to propose this?