CCJ1010 Midterm Study Guide, Chapters 1-8

Any individuals ______ and older are eligible to participate in the NCVS survey.

12

The United States has a three-tiered federal court system. The middle tier includes ______ circuit courts of appeal.

13

The manifestation of more than ______ stigmata indicates that an individual is atavistic and thus a born criminal.

5

The American colonists followed the common law doctrine from England, which held that juveniles ______ years or older could be treated the same as adult offenders.

7

______ is given by the state/government, and restitution is given by the offender, typically as part of the sentence given.

Compensation

______ are designated as appeals courts. They are limited in their jurisdiction decisions on matters of appeal from lower courts and trial courts.

Courts of appellate jurisdiction

Which individual is known for labeling low IQ as feeble-mindedness?

Goddard

______ collects data from participating agencies on officer line-of-duty deaths and assaults.

LEOKA

The term criminology was first coined by ______.

Raffaele Garafalo

______ assumes that individuals are rational and weigh the potential benefits against the potential costs of engaging in a criminal act.

Rational choice theory

______ analysis of crime focuses on crime places. One major aspect is mapping crimes which provide information as location, distance, direction, and pattern.

Spatial

Jack Katz' Seductions of Crime emphasized the ______ committing crime for the first time, mostly the inherent physiological pleasure of committing crime.

benefits of

Which theory matches the statement, "Eliminating visible signs of crime helps reduce crime"?

broken windows perspective

The ______ is the predicted tendency of homicides to increase after an execution, particularly after high-profile executions.

brutalization effect

According to Lombroso, what is the best way for societies to prevent crime?

by identifying born criminals through stigmata

Cross-sectional studies have found that the ______ of punishment was strongly associated with intentions to commit future crimes.

certainty

The characteristic of punishment postulated by Beccaria that he believed to be the most important was ______.

certainty

The modern example of the Three Strikes Rule is given in relation to what characteristic of punishment?

certainty

MPAs are red flags signaling problems, especially in ______ ability, that are likely to significantly impact criminal behavior.

cognitive

All of the following are considered formal controls or sanctions EXCEPT ______.

community acceptance

The general purpose of the criminal justice system includes all of the following EXCEPT ______.

community support

The ______ maintains that there is conflict between various societal groups with different interests, and it is often resolved when the group in power achieves control.

conflict perspective

When research is conducted or data collected at one point in time, it is termed ______.

cross-sectional studies

Juveniles are usually confined to facilities called ______ on a short-term basis while awaiting trial.

detention centers

The statement, "Human behavior and the choices we make are not purely the result of free will and choice," is best supported by the idea of ______.

determinism

The Attorney General is required to develop guidelines and collect data about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ______.

ethnicity

What do we call the study of and policies related to improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction?

eugenics

Longitudinal research done in the 1980s and 1990s indicated that behavior was influencing perceptions of the risk and severity of punishment more than perceptions were influencing behavior. This was due to the ______.

experiential effect

According to Hobbes, ______ motivates individuals to cooperate in the formation of government and inspires them to obey the laws the government creates.

fear

Punishment given to an individual meant to prevent or deter other potential offenders from engaging in such criminal activity in the future is called ______ deterrence.

general

The primary goals of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health are to provide state and federal estimates about the levels and patterns of substance abuse, as well as current trends, and future consequences, and to identify ______.

groups at high risk for abuse

Studies have shown a/an ______ correlation between what one reports doing in a given scenario and what one would do in real life.

high

Which one of Beccaria's ideas was rejected by the French?

ignoring the intent of offenders

A teenager who is forced to wear a sign that says "Smoked pot, got caught! Don't I look cool? NOT!" is participating in a shaming strategy and is being influenced by a/an ______.

informal form of deterrence

Peers have a profound impact on individual perceptions of the pros and cons of offending. When one sees one's friends getting away with crimes, the perceived risk of punishment ______.

is decreased

Aggregate studies have shown evidence that an increased certainty of punishment was associated with ______ crime for most serious offenses.

less

The extent to which concepts and propositions of a theory make sense in terms of face value, consistency, and existing knowledge is called ______.

logical consistency

The emphasis on science in criminology started in the ______ and provided a basis for what continues today.

mid-1800s

The term criminal justice generally refers to all of the following EXCEPT ______.

military

Which one of the following punishments is NOT an example of the deterrence framework?

neighborhood watch programs

The death penalty serves as a very effective deterrent against murder crimes.

False

The idea of hedonistic calculus was proposed by Beccaria and was an idea from the Classical School of thought.

False

There is no separate reporting system or data collection on hate crimes across the United States.

False

There is one definition of what crime is, and it is the same in all countries.

False

There were two groups of people in Goddard's feeble-mindedness category.

False

Vignettes are short interviews.

False

According to Lombroso, people who are serious criminals are manifestations of higher forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.

False

An example of informal deterrent effects would be the involvement of law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

False

Crimes against businesses are not included in NCVS data.

False

Deviant acts are always considered atypical, and are universally illegal.

False

Law enforcement agencies across the United States began collecting crime data in 2010.

False

Lombroso's theories were published a decade before any of Darwin's writings.

False

Most experts agree that the risk of getting caught driving drunk is very high.

False

Paradigms before the Enlightenment and contemporary times tended to focus on the human ability to choose one's own behavior and destiny.

False

Scenario research relies on individual perceptions across long stretches of time.

False

Some of the primitive theories of crime and delinquency accurately predicted who would commit offenses.

False

States with the death penalty have lower murder rates than states with the death penalty.

False

The FBI and the DEA are both examples of federal law enforcement agencies.

False

The UCR is broken up into two different types of crime ______.

Part I and Part II crimes

Which statement below is consistent with Lombroso's Theory of Crime?

People who are serious criminals are manifestations of lower forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.

Goddard called the least intelligent group in the feeble-mindedness category "idiots".

True

Judges can sentence offenders to a combination of probation and incarceration.

True

Lombroso was called as an expert witness in criminal trials to determine the guilt or innocence of the suspects.

True

Most of the Western world still uses the Classical/Neoclassical frameworks for their criminal justice systems.

True

Of any other perspective to date, deterrence theory has had the most profound impact on justice systems in our nation.

True

Rational choice theory assumes that individuals are in control of their impulses.

True

The main goals of the criminal justice system are to control crime, to prevent crime, and to provide and maintain justice.

True

The physiological pleasures of committing crime were emphasized for the first time in Jack Katz's 1988 publication Seductions of Crime.

True

The various bumps in the skull used to determine human dispositions were believed to conform to the shape of the brain.

True

Utilitarianism is a philosophical concept that relates to the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number.

True

The federal court system is a three-tiered model including all of the following EXCEPT ______.

U.S. Small Claims Court

The primary objective of the ______ is to generate a consistent and reliable set of crime statistics that can be used in law enforcement administration, operation, and management.

UCR

The UCR stands for ______.

Uniform Crime Reports

The consensus perspective of crime is currently the prevailing explanation of criminal behavior that is accepted by most social scientists.

False

Who is considered the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School for his contributions to the field in the late 19th century?

Cesare Lombroso

What book, written by Thomas Hobbes, proposed one of the first rational theories as to why people committed crime?

Leviathan

______ type of death occurs when the officer is on or off duty and acting in an official capacity while reacting to a situation that would ordinarily fall within the scope of his or her official duties as a law enforcement officer.

Line-of-duty

The ______ collects information to measure substance and alcohol use patterns among youths.

MTF

______ studies have been used to measure detailed data regarding drug and alcohol use, physical and sexual abuse, adverse childhood experiences, and intimate partner violence.

Self-report

______ collect data by asking respondents to provide information about themselves, usually as to whether they have engaged in certain forms of illegal behavior.

Self-report surveys

Which selection is NOT one of Beccari's reasons for advocating public punishments?

They can serve as entertainment for the public.

Which statement would a Neoclassical School proponent agree with regarding mitigating and aggravating factors?

They should be taken into account.

According to the text, journalists play a key role in examining crime by exploring what is happening in criminal justice and revealing injustices as well as new forms of crime.

True

As of 2019, approximately 43% of U.S. law enforcement agencies participate in NIBRS.

True

Compiling and analyzing crime data can be used to justify programs and policies that try to address criminal activity.

True

Criminologists, such as Richard Quinney, William Chambliss, and Austin Turk, maintain that criminological theory has not placed enough emphasis on explaining criminal behavior.

True

Criminology is the scientific study of crime.

True

Cross-sectional studies focus on individual perceptions of certainty and severity of sanctions.

True

Exorcisms are still used today by some religious institutions, including the Catholic Church.

True

Later studies of craniometry revealed ______ between size of the skull/brain and certain behaviors or personality traits.

a small correlation

Which group below is least likely to be deemed a "suitable target" according to the routine activities theory?

a woman riding on a crowded train during rush hour

Instances when crimes do not come to the attention of law enforcement or some other criminal justice agency are referred to as ______.

a, b, and c unreported crimes a, b, and c the iceberg

Robert Martinson's review of ______ concluded that "nothing works" because offending was not reduced.

rehabilitative programs

The Neoclassical perspective ______.

rejects all Classical perspective ideals

Surveys address four broad classes of questions, EXCEPT ______.

requests to condemn existing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

Several perspectives were created in the mid-1800s that were focused on determining which individuals or groups were most likely to commit crime. These perspectives were likely developed in relation to ______.

slavery

The ranking of body type and linking it to the risk of criminal behavior is called ______.

somatotyping

Stigmata not only consisted of deviant facial and bodily features that a person could be born with but also some extra physiological features that were not congenital, such as ______.

tattoos

When were the earliest self-report studies conducted?

the early 1940s

Scoring low on ______ intelligence has been found to be a predictor of future criminality.

verbal