CCNA chapter 1

TCP/IP five steps of data encapsulation

1- Create and encapsulate the application data with any required application layer headers 2- encapsulate the data supplied by the application layer inside a transport layer header 3- encapsulate the data supplied by the transport layer inside a network layer (ip) header 4- encapsulate the data supplied by the network layer inside a data link layer header and trailer 5- transmit the bits

Which of the following terms is used specifically to identify the entity created when encapsulating data inside data link layer headers and trailers

Frame

Please do not take sausage pizzas away

Physical Data link Network Transport Session Presentation Application

TCP/IP 5 Layer Model

Application Transport Network Data link Physical

networking model

A generic term referring to any set of protocols and standards collected into a comprehensive grouping that, when followed by the devices in a network, allows all the devices to communicate. Examples include TCP/IP and OSI.

Protocol Data Unit

A generic term referring to the header defined by some layer of a networking model, and the data encapsulated by the header (and possibly trailer) of that layer, but specifically not including any lower-layer headers and trailers.

packet

A logical grouping of bytes that includes the network layer header and encapsulated data, but specifically does not include any headers and trailers below the network layer.

frame

A term referring to a data link header and trailer, plus the data encapsulated between the header and trailer.

The process of HTTP asking TCP to send some data and making sure that it is received correctly is an example of

Adjacent-layer interaction.

The process of a web server adding a TCP header to the contents of a web page, followed by adding an IP header and then adding a data link header and trailer, is an example of what

Data encapsulation

Which protocols are examples of TCP/IP data link layer protocols

Ethernet and PPP

segment

In TCP, a term used to describe a TCP header and its encapsulated data (also called an L4PDU). Also in TCP, the process of accepting a large chunk of data from the application layer and breaking it into smaller pieces that fit into TCP segments. In Ethernet, a segment is either a single Ethernet cable or a single collision domain (no matter how many cables are used).

adjacent-layer interaction

In a single host a layer providing services to the next layer up

de-encapsulation

It is the reverse process of removing the added information, as data passes to the next higher layer at the receiver end.

Which OSI layer defines the standards for cabling and connectors?

Layer 1

Which OSI layer defines the functions of logical network-wide addressing and routing?

Layer 3 - Network Layer

Benefits of Layered Protocol Specifications

Less complex Standard interfaces Easier to learn Easier to develop Multi vendor interoperability Modular engineering

The process of tcp on one computer marking a TCP segment as segment 1, and the receiving computer then acknowledging the receipt of the TCP segment 1 is an example of

Same-layer interaction

same-layer interaction

The communication between two networking devices for the purposes of the functions defined at a particular layer of a networking model, with that communication happening by using a header defined by that layer of the model. The two devices set values in the header, send the header and encapsulated data, with the receiving devices interpreting the header to decide what action to take.

Encapsulation

The placement of data from a higher-layer protocol behind the header (and in some cases, between a header and trailer) of the next-lower-layer protocol. For example, an IP packet could be encapsulated in an Ethernet header and trailer before being sent over an Ethernet.

Which protocols are examples of TCP/IP transport layer protocols

UDP and TCP