Cell Physiology BIOL 3310 - Chapter 1 - Introduction to Cells
Carbon Atom Protein Molecule Ribesome Mitochondrion Yeast Cell HUman Fat Cell
List the following in order of size from smallest to largest. A) Protein Molecules B) HUman Fat Cell C) Carbon Atom D) Ribesome E) YEast Cell F) Mitochondrion
A) Phase Contrast light microscope B) Electron Microscope C) None of the above D) flourescence Microscope E) fluorescence Microscope
State whether you would a PHASE CONTRAST LIGHT MICROSCOPE, FLUORESCENE MICROSCOPE, ELECTRON MICROSCOPE, OR NONE OF THE ABOVE to do the following: A) look at unstained living animal cells B) look at ribesomes C) look at an electron D) look at living cells expressing green fluorescent protein E) do confocal microscopy
Presence of Nucleus
The most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is the... A) presence of a plasma membrane B) presence of a nucleus C) eukaryotic cell's larger size D) presence of DNA
Didinium engulfs prey by changing its shape, and for this it uses its cytoskeleton. Bacteria have no cytoskeleton, and cannot easily change their shape because they are generally surrounded by a tough cell wall.
The protozoan, Didinium, feeds on other organisms by engulfing them. Why are bacteria, in general, unable to feed on other cells this way?
Cell
The smallest unit of life is a(n) A) DNA molecule B) Cell C) Organelle D) Virus E) Protein
Different genes are switched on in different cells.
The specialized cells in the body of a multicellular organism are difference from each other chiefly because: A) each cell type contain different genes. B) different genes are switched on in different cells. C) some cell types have lost some of the genes that were present in the fertilized egg. D) the fertilized egg divides by cell divisions that do not give rise to genetically identical cells E) the different cell types contain fundamentally different organelles.
Nucleus
WHich of the following organelles is surrounded by two layers of membrane? A) Endoplasmic Reticulum B) Nucleus C) Lysosome D) Peroxisome E) Vacuole
Micrometers
What unit of length would you generally use to give the measurements of a typical human cells? A) centimeters B) Nanometers C) Millimeters D) Micrometers
Wavelength of visible light
Whats set the limit on size of structure that can be seen in a light microscope?
All living organisms are descended from a common ancestor. This means their individual genes are also descended from common ancestral genes. Genes in different species that trace their descent back to a common ancestral gene in this way (that is, homologous genes) become different from one another through mutations and natural selection. HOwever, the protein products of many genes are highly optimized for specific functions, involving precisely adjusted interactions of the protein molecule with other molecules in the cell. Almost any mutation altering the amino acid sequence of such a protein will be harmful and will be eliminated by natural selection. As a result, the amino acid sequence of the protein may remain almost unchanged over long periods of evolutionary time.
When genomes of distantly related organisms, such as a fly and mouse, are compared, they are found to contain some genes that encode proteins with almost identical amino acid sequences. Explain how this happens.
The genetic instructions in all cells are stored in DNA
Which of the following statements about the basic chemistry of cells if TRUE? A) All cells contain exactly the same proteins. B) All proteins are constructed from the same 22 amino acids. C) The genetic instructions in all cells are stored in DNA. D) All organisms contain the same genes. E) All of the above.
Mutation is essential for evolution to occur
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Mutations are always harmful to an organism. B) Mutation is essential for evolution to occur C) Mutation is the only source of genetic difference between parents and offspring D) Mutation always lead to evolution E) Mutations always lead to evolutionary "dead ends"
They have no Golgi Apparatus and they can form multicellular organisms.
Which of the following statesments concerning prokaryotes are TRUE? A) they have no nucleus and hence no DNA B) They have no Golgi Apparatus C) They can form multicellar organisms D) They can include bacteria, yeast, and protozoans. E) They are all able to live on inorganic energy sources.
They are found in all aerobic eukaryotic cells.
Which one of the following statements is true for mitochondria only, and not for both mitochondria and chloroplasts. A) They are enclosed by a double membrane B) They are thought to be derived from prokaryotes C) They cannot grow and reproduce when isolated from the cell. D) They reproduce by dividing in two. E) They are found in all aerobic eukaryotic cells.
Chloroplast
Which principal organelle does a plant cell contain that a fungal cell does not?
Most tissues are not transparent enough to be examined directly in a light microscope. Transparency is increased by slicing them into thin sections, and staining shows the different cellular structures in contrasting color.
Why are tissues usually cut into thin sections and stained before examination under a light microscope?
Micrometers Millimeter Amino Acids DNA Viruses
Cells can be very diverse; superficially, they come in various sizes, ranging from bacterial cells such as Lactobacillus, which is a few ________ in length, to larger cells such as frog's egg, which has a diameter of about one _________. Despite the diversity, cells resemble each other to an astonishing degree in their chemistry. For example, the same twenty _________ are used to make proteins. Similarly, the genetic information of all cell's is stored in their _______________. Although _____________________ contain the same type of molecules as cells, their inability to reproduce themselves by their own effort means that they are not considered living matter.
ATP is synthesized from ADP in mitochondria
Correct each of the following so that it becomes a true statement about mitochondria. ADP is synthesize from ATP in mitochondria.
Mitochondria are found in aerobic eukaryotes
Correct each of the following so that it becomes a true statement about mitochondria. Mitochondria are found in aerobic prokaryotes.
Mitochondria are thought to be derived from aerobic bactera.
Correct each of the following so that it becomes a true statement about mitochondria. Mitochondria are thought to be derived from photosynthetic bacteria.
Mitochondria take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Correct each of the following so that it becomes a true statement about mitochondria. Mitochondria take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes, the inner one of which is highly folded.
Correct each of the following so that it comes a true statement about mitochondria. Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes, the outer one of which is highly folded.
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
In a eukaryotic cell specialized for secretion, which internal organelles would you expect to be particularly abundant?
Plasma membrane
In an aerobic bacterium, where do you think most of the protein responsible for cellular respiration are located?
Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast Cyotosol Cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic cells are bigger and more elaborate than prokaryotic cells. By definition, all eukaryotic cells have a ______________, usually the most prominent organelle in the eukaryotic cell. Another organelle found in essentially all eukaryotic is the ____________________, which generates the chemical energy for the cell. On the other hand, a(n) ___________________ can be found only in the cells of plants and algae, and performs photosynthesis. If we were to strip away the plasma membrane from a eukaryotic cell and remove all of its membrane-enclosed organelles, we would be left with the _____________________, which contains many long, fine filaments of proteins that responsible for cell shape and structure and thereby form the cell's __________________________.
Like plant cells, fungal cells have cell walls
In what way does a fungal cell structurally resemble a plant cell, rather than a animal cell?
Ribesomes Cytosol Plasma Membrane
From the list below, select the THREE cellular structures or compartments that are found in all cells. A) Nucleus B) Ribesomes C) Cytosol D) Mitochondria E) Chloroplasts F) Plasma Membrane G) Endoplasmic Reticulum H) Lysosome
All living beings on Earth (and thus, all cells) are thought to be derive from a common ancestor. Solutions to many of the essential challenges that face a cell (such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and DNA) appear to have been achieved in this ancient common ancestor. The ancestral cell therefore possessed sets of proteins to carry out these essential functions. Many of the essential challenges facing modern day cells are the same as those facing the ancestral cell, and the ancient solutions are often still effective. Thus, it is not uncommon for organisms to use proteins and biochemical pathways inherited from their ancestors. While these proteins often show some species specific diversification, they still retain the basic biochemical characteristics of the ancestral protein. For example, homologous proteins often retain their ability to interact with a specific protein target, even in diverse cell types. Because the basic biochemical characteristics are retained, homologous proteins are capable of functionality substituting for another.
Genes that have homologues in a variety of species have been discovered though the analysis of genome sequences. In fact, it is not uncommon for a homologous gene to encode a protein that looks similar in amino acid sequence in organisms as diverse as budding yeast, archeons, plants, and humans. Even more remarkably, many of these proteins can functionally substitute for their homologues in other organisms. Explain what it is about origins of cells that makes it possible for proteins expressed by homologous genes to be functionally interchangeable in different organisms.
A) BAD B) GOOD C) BAD D) GOOD E) BAD
Given what you know about the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, rate the following things as bad or good processes to study in the model organism, E. Coli. A) Formation of the endoplasmic reticulum B) DNA Replication C) how the actin cytoskeleton contributes to cell shape D) How cells decode their genetic instructions to make proteins E) How mitochondria get distributed to cells during cell division
A) Animal, Bacerial, PLant B) Animal, Plant C) Animal, plant, Bacterial D) PLant, bacterial E) PLant, bacterial F) ANimal, plant G) animal, plant H) animal, plant
Pick the appropriate cell type in which the listed structure or molecule can be found. Note, structure or molecule can be found in more than one type of cell. A) DNA B) Nucleus C) Plasma Membrane D) Chloroplast E) Cell Wall F) Lysosome G) Mitochondria H) Golgi Apparatus
A) C. Elegans B) Arabibopsis C) MOuse D) Drosophila
Pick the model organism best used to study the following processes: A) programmed cell death B) chloroplast function C) immunology D) development of a multicellular tissue
Mice are likely to provide the best model system. Mice have teeth and have long been used as a model organism. Mice reproduce relatively rapidly and the extensive scientific community that works on mice have developed techniques to facilitate genetic manipulations. Humans are not a model system. E. Coli (bacterium) and Arabadopsis (a plant) organism do not have teeth. GOrillas, althought they have teeth, would not be a good model organism for many reasons. First, there is not an extensive scientific community working on the molecule and biochemical mechanisms of cellular behaviors in gorillas. Second, gorillas are expensive to house, and thus, perform experiments on. Third, gorillas do not reproduce rapidly, a charcteristc desirable in model organisms. FInally, techiniques for facile genetic manipulations on gorillas have not been extensively developed.
YOu wish to explore how mutations in specific genes affecting sugar metabolism might alter tooth development. Which organ is likely to provide the best model system for your studies and why?
Your results show that not all of the information required for making a chloroplast is encoded in the chloroplast's own DNA; some, at least, must be encoded in the DNA carried in the nucleus. The reasoning is as follows. Genetic information is only carried in DNA, thus the defect in the chloroplasts must be due to a mutation in DNA. But all of the chloroplasts in the offspring (and thus all of the chloroplast DNA) must derive from those in the female egg cell, since chloroplasts only arise from other chloroplasts. HEnce, all of the chloroplasts contain undamaged DNA from the female parent's chloroplasts. In all the cells of the offspring, however, half of the nuclear DNA will have come from the male germ cell nucleus, which combined with the female egg nucleus at fertilization. Since this DNA has been treated with DNA damaging agents, it must be the source of the heritable chloroplast defect. Thus, some of the information required for making a chloroplast is encoded by the nuclear DNA.
You fertilize egg cells from a healthy plant with pollen (which contains the male germ cells) that has been treated with DNA damaging agents. You find that some of the offspring have defective chloroplasts, and that this characteristic can be passed on to future generation. THis surprises you at first because you happen to know that the male germ cell in the pollen grain contributes no chloroplasts to the fertilized egg cell and thus to the offpsring. What can you deduce from these results?
Treating the culture with a drug that dissolves cells; Bacteria have cell walls, whereas mammalian cells do not.
You have grown a culture of human cells and discover that it is heavily contaminated with bacteria. Which of the following procedures will most likely eliminate the bacteria without killing the human cells? A) Treating the culture with a drug that causes the microtubules to fall apart B) Diluting a small portion of the contaminated culture with 1000 times as much fresh nutrient broth and regrowing the cells. C) Treating the culture with a drug that damages the DNA D) Treating the culture with a detergent that destroys cell membranes. E) Treating the culture with a drug that dissolves cell walls.