Chapter 3 Psych

_____ of neurons occurs because the brain must process a wide variety of types of information. Specialization Lamination Resting potential Action potential

Specialization

Which statement about the spinal cord is TRUE? All areas are responsible for the same functions .Different areas have different functions. Damage lower in the spinal cord leads to greater loss of function. The spinal cord quickly grows back after damage.

.Different areas have different functions.

Drugs that diminish the action of a neurotransmitter are called: inhibitors .antagonists. addictive. agonists.

.antagonists

Eric is running a marathon, and after 15 miles he doesn't think he can take another step. Just as he is about to give up, the pain suddenly subsides. He feels renewed and motivated to run the rest of the race. Eric has MOST likely just experienced a large release of: dopamine .serotonin .endorphins. acetylcholine.

.endorphins.

Most of the nervous system is composed of: sensory neurons .interneurons .glial cells. motor neurons.

.interneurons.

The typical sequence of events for neuronal activity is: resting potential, refractory period, action potential. action potential, resting potential, refractory period. refractory period, action potential, resting potential .resting potential, action potential, refractory period.

.resting potential, action potential, refractory period.

_____ direct(s) and produce(s) human behaviors, personality traits, and even psychological disorders. Both genes and the environment The environment Evolution Genes

Both genes and the environment

Which brain area is involved in the production of language? the pons the hypothalamus Broca's area the association areas

Broca's area

_____ was the first to discover that neurons are complex structures composed of three basic parts. Weber Cajal James Descartes

Cajal

_____ consist of strands of DNA wound around each other. Alleles Neurons Genes Chromosomes

Chromosomes

_____ are segments on the strand of _____. Genes; DNA DNA; genes Genes; RNA RNA; genes

Genes; DNA

How does cardiovascular exercise affect brain structures? It decreases the plasticity of the brain .It decreases the number of synaptic connections in the brain. It promotes neuron growth in the amygdala. It promotes neuron growth and increased synaptic connections in the hippocampus.

It promotes neuron growth and increased synaptic connections in the hippocampus.

_____ share the most genes with each other. Siblings Dizygotic twins Monozygotic twins Two parents and their child

Monozygotic twins

Which statement regarding reflex arcs is FALSE? Interneurons in the spinal cord relay information from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Reflex arcs are a neural pathway that controls reflex actions. Some simple reflexes have only sensory and motor neurons. Reflex arcs are relatively slow in comparison to other nervous system functions.

Reflex arcs are relatively slow in comparison to other nervous system functions.

When the face or arm of a person with an amputation is stimulated, what happens? The person feels pain in his or her spine .It depends on the person. The person reports feeling a phantom limb. The person reports feeling just the facial touch.

The person reports feeling a phantom limb.

The _____ stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, allowing neurons to communicate with each other. retina hypothalamus action potential resting potential

action potential

The synapse is typically located between the _____ of the first (sending) neuron and the _____ of the second (receiving) neuron. axon; axon cell body; axon myelin sheath; cell body axon; dendrite

axon; dendrite

Which of these does NOT act as an agonist? beta blockers cocaine morphine amphetamine

beta blockers

The _____ is the part of the neuron that keeps the cell alive. synapse cell body axon dendrite

cell body

The three basic parts of a neuron are the: cell body, dendrites, and synapse. cell body, axon, and synapse. synapse, axon, and dendrites. cell body, axon, and dendrites.

cell body, axon, and dendrites.

Mammals, in comparison to reptiles and birds, have a highly developed: amygdala .midbrain. cerebral cortex. hindbrain.

cerebral cortex.

Neurons communicate _____ with each other at the _____. electrically; synapse electrically; dendrites chemically; axons chemically; synapse

chemically; synapse

If this area were severed, the two sides of the brain would not be able to communicate with each other. association areas corpus callosum hippocampus frontal lobes

corpus callosum

Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as PET and fMRI, allow researchers to _____ brain activity in certain areas with particular behaviors. directly link coordinate correlate establish cause and effect between

correlate

The probability of sharing genes is called: heritability. epigenetics. degree of relatedness. degrees of freedom.

degree of relatedness.

Within a neuron, information is transmitted as a(n) _____ signal from the dendrites to the cell body and throughout the axon. magnetic electrical chemical gaseous

electrical

Information is transmitted within the neuron as a(n) _____ signal, and information transmission between neurons is a(n) _____ signal. electrical; chemical electrical; electrical chemical; chemical chemical; electrical

electrical; chemical

The biological sex of a child is determined by the: mother or father, as they both have an X and Y chromosome to give. father, since he has an X or Y chromosome to give. father, since he has an extra X chromosome to give. mother, since she has an X or Y chromosome to give.

father, since he has an X or Y chromosome to give.

Through the case study of Phineas Gage, researchers found that the: frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision making, and emotion regulation. frontal lobe was not involved in emotion regulation. temporal lobe is primarily responsible for planning. spinal cord plays an important part in decision making.

frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision making, and emotion regulation.

In comparison to other animals, humans and other primates have proportionately larger: hindbrains .temporal lobes .midbrains. frontal lobes.

frontal lobes.

Heritability scores between 0 and 1.00 indicate the: contribution of evolutionary development in producing all behaviors. contribution of environmental factors alone in producing all behaviors. interaction between genetics and the environment in producing a particular trait. contribution of genetics alone in producing all behaviors.

interaction between genetics and the environment in producing a particular trait.

Epigenetic _____ are chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off. RNA DNA histones marks

marks

Research has shown that when certain groups of animals observe another engaging in a particular behavior, some of the same neurons also become active in the observer animal. This is due to the action of _____ neurons. primary motor mirror executive cognitive

mirror

If _____ have a higher presence of a specific trait, then it suggests a(n) _____ influence on that trait. monozygotic twins; genetic dizygotic twins; environmental siblings; genetic monozygotic twins; environmental

monozygotic twins; genetic

Cajal was the first to note that: one can stain neurons to look at them directly. brain activity causes behavior. neurons can communicate with each other. the brain is like a tapestry of continuous fibers.

neurons can communicate with each other.

The brain is remarkably adaptive, and the functions of areas that are damaged may be taken over by other areas of the brain. What is the term for this phenomenon? glial compensation refractory period plasticity subcortical pruning

plasticity

For a neurotransmitter to affect surrounding neurons, the molecular structure of the neurotransmitter must fit into the _____ like a key fits into a lock. cell body receptor terminal button synapse

receptor

The typical state of a neuron is the _____, but when electrical signals stimulate it to its threshold, the _____ is immediately observed. resting potential; action potential action potential; refractory period action potential; resting potential resting potential; refractory period

resting potential; action potential

To process information from the external world, _____ receive input from the body and transfer the information to the brain through the spinal cord. motor neurons sensory neurons interneurons Purkinje cell neurons

sensory neurons

A reflex arc is directly controlled by the: spinal cord. brain. cerebellum. hindbrain.

spinal cord.

If the human autonomic nervous system were compared to a car, the _____ nervous system functions like the car's accelerator, and the _____ nervous system functions like the car's brake. peripheral; somatic parasympathetic; sympathetic sympathetic; parasympathetic central; peripheral

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The thalamus receives information from the sensory systems, including: vision, touch, and smell. taste, vision, touch, and sound. vision, touch, smell, and sound. sound, touch, and smell.

taste, vision, touch, and sound.

A stroke or other damage in the _____ lobes can lead to deficits in hearing and language. occipital parietal frontal temporal

temporal

The central nervous system is comprised of: the brain and the mind .the midbrain and the sensory neurons. the brain and the spinal cord. the sympathetic and somatic nervous systems.

the brain and the spinal cord

Which area of the brain sets humans apart from most other species? the temporal lobes the parietal lobes the occipital lobes the frontal lobes

the frontal lobes

Sanjay has problems orienting to sounds. For example, he cannot tell from which direction music is coming, either the television or the stereo. What area of his central nervous system is likely malfunctioning? the spinal cord the amygdala the midbrain the hindbrain

the midbrain

Spinal reflexes require input from: both the spinal cord and the brain. the midbrain .the brain. the spinal cord.

the spinal cord.

The occipital lobe is to _____ as the parietal lobe is to _____. vision; touch touch; hearing vision; hearing hearing; vision

vision; touch