Cell Theory
cell theory
1. all living things are composed of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
Levels of cell specialization
1. chemical level: nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids 2. cellular level: basic unit of structure and function; muscle cell, neuron, blood 3. tissue level: many cells; muscular, nervous, connective, epithelical 4. organ level: many tissues: heart, stomach, lungs 5. organ system level: many organs, circulatory, digestive and respiratory 6. organism level: human
cell
Basic unit of structure and function in living things
Cells must...
Communicate with other cells; -take in food - eliminate waste - take in water
who proposed that some cell organelles were once a type of bacteria that were free-living? A. Schwann B. Schleidan C. Leeuwenhoek D. Margulis
Margulis
can any one part (organelle) of the system do what the whole system does? Why or why not?
No; if one part has a malfunction, then it wouldn't work as a system. A system is the connection of working together. If one part breaks down, then the "cell machine" won't function properly.
Who used a compound microscope to see chambers within cork and named them "cells"?
Robert Hooke
plastid (chloroplast) (structure, function, cell type)
S: 2 membranes - contains pigments (ex. chorophyll) F: makes and stores food (chloroplast, photosynthesis) CT: plant
Golgi apparatus (structure, function, cell type)
S: flattened membranes F: collects, changes, packages, and distributes materials out of cell by means of vesicles CT: plant: plant/ animal
vacuole (sturcture, function,cell type)
S: large organelle filled with liquid F: stores water, salt, protein and carbohydrates CT: plant
centriole
S: protein fibers F: helps in cell division; separate DNA in mitosis CT: animal
cilla/flagella (structure, function, cell type)
S: protein filaments - flagella: whip-like tail - cilla: hair-like fibers F: movement CT: bacteria/animal
Cytoskeleton (structure, function, cell type)
S: protein filaments and fibers F: supports cell structure; cell movement; cell shape CT: bacteria/ plant/ animals
cell wall (structure, function, cell type)
S: rigid wall made of cellulose F: protects and supports the cell CT: bacteria/ plant
Endoplasmic Reticulum (structure, function, cell type)
S: series of membranes - smooth= no ribosomes -rough= ribosomes F: manufacture, storage, and transport of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates inside cell CT: plant/animal
Lysosomes (structure, function, cell type)
S: single membrane; comes from the golgi apparatus F: digests materials in the cell; contains enzymes CT: plant/animal
ribosomes (structure, function, cell type)
S: smallest organelles; no membranes; made of RNA and protein; free floating or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum F: makes proteins CT: bacteria/ plant/ animal
True or false the cell wall is very porous
True (allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, & other substances)
what is not a principal of the cell theory? A. cells are the basic units of life B. all living things are made of cells C. very few cells are able to reproduce D. all cells are produced from existing ones
Very few cells are able to reproduce
prokaryotes lack A. DNA or the genetic material B. a nucleus C. a cell membrane D. cytoplasm
a nucleus
Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is a. found in all organisms b. composed of a lipid bilayer c. selectively permeable d. a rigid structure
a rigid structure
a group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called... A. an organ B. a tissue C. an organ system D. a division of labor
a tissue
The cells of unicellular organisms are A. specialized to perform different tasks B. larger that those of multicellular organisms C. able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life D. unable to respond to changes in their environment
able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life
if the cell membrane wears out, what happens?
all the bad stuff would enter the cell and would most likely not be able to gotten rid of
when all the organelles are functioning, what characteristics of life can the cell perform?
all the characteristics of life
selectively permeable
allowing some materials to move into and out of the cells; others are prevented
You will not find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms? A. plants B. fungi C. animals D. bacteria
animals
in what ways is it useful to think of a cell as a system?
apply the cell's organelles to real life situations ( money, government/president)
which of the following organisms are prokaryotes? A. plants B. bacteria C. animals D. Fungi
bacteria
which of the following structures serves as the cell's boundary from its environment? A. mitochondrion B. chloroplast C. cell membrane D. chanel protein
cell membrane
which three structures in the diagram of the bacterial cell would also be found in fungal cells? A. cell membrane, large circular DNA molecule and ribosomes B. cell membrane, cell wall and ribosomes C. cell membrane, large circular DNA molecule and plastids D. cell membrane, cell wall and plastids
cell membrane, cell wall and ribosomes
Which list represents the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex? A. cell, tissue, organ system, organ B. tissue, organ, organ system, cell C. organ system, organ, tissue, cell D. cell, tissue, organ, organ system
cell, tissue, organ, organ system
plant cells have all of the following except: A. cell wall B. chloroplast C. nucleus D. centrioles
centrioles
cell specialization
characteristic of MULTICELLULAR organisms where cells carry out specific functions
Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?
chloroplasts
which organelle would not be found in animal cells? A. smooth ER B. mitochondria C. chloroplast D. ribosome
chloroplasts
these are the folds inside the mitochondria that gave more surface area for energy-releasing processes to take place: A. chromosomes B. cristae C. cilia D. cytoskeleton
cristae
eukaryotes "do" (definition, characteristics, size, and example)
definition: (multicellular or unicellular) has membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus characteristics: has a cell membrane size: 10-100 um examples: animal, protists, plants, fungi, amoeba
prokaryote "go" definition, cahracteristics, size, and example)
definition: unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus characteristics: has a membrane size:0.2 um example: bacteria
phospholipid bilayer
double layer of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane
nuclear envelope
double membrane that maintains the shape of the nucleus
which of the following encloses their DNA in a nucleus? A. prokaryotes B. bacteria C. eukaryotes D. viruses`
eukaryotes
Anton van Leeenhoek
father of the modern microscope
Robert Hooke
first to discover cells
endomembrane system
functionally interrelated membrane system (nuclear envelope. endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus, vesicles, and the cell membrane) - moves materials in the cell including proteins
which organelle is the "packing center" for the cell? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. lysosome C. nucleus D. golgi apparatus
golgi apparatus
which of the following is an example of an organ? A. heart B. digestive system C. epithelial tissue D.nerve cell
heart
which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton? A. helps a cell keep its shape B. surrounds the cell C. contains DNA D. helps make proteins
helps the cell keep its shape
which of the following is the function of the cytoskeleton? A. helps a cell keep its shape B. surrounds the cell C. contains DNA D. helps make proteins
helps the cell keep its structure
organelles
internal structure that performs a specific function
nucleus
large structure in the center of the cell; contains DNA and directs the cells activities
This is a sac-like structure that contains digestive enzymes. it may digest waste materials or even dead cells. A. endoplasmic reticulum B. vacuole C. lysosome D. vesicle
lysosome
which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful? A. golgi apparatus B. endoplasmic reticulum C. lysosome D. mitochondrion
lysosome
eukaryotic cells contains A. only ribosomes B. DNA floating in the cytoplasm C. membrane bound organelles D. just cytoplasm
membrane bound organelles
fluid mosaic model
membrane lipids and proteins move laterally within the bilayer
which structures are involved in cell movement? A. cytoplasm and ribosomes B. microtubules and microfilaments C. nucleolus and nucleus D. chromosomes
micortubules and microfilaments
which organelles are involved in energy conversion
mitochondria and chloroplasts
which of the following is not supporting evidence of the endosymbiosis theory? A. mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA B. mitochondria and chloroplasts are only found in eukaryotic cells C. mitochondria and chloroplasts may reproduce D. mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size to prokaryotic cells
mitochondria and chloroplasts may reproduce
Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use? A. chloroplast B. endoplasmic reticulum C. golgi apparatus D. mitochondrion
mitochondrion
which of the following is the "powerhouse" of the cell that breaks down food into energy that the cell needs? A. mitochondrion B. endoplasmic reticulum C. vacuole D. chloroplast
mitochondrion
Not all cells are alike. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about differences between cells? A. cells come in many different shapes B. some cells have a nucleus, but others do not C. Different kinds of cells are different sizes D. most cells have a membrane, but others do not
most cells have a membrane while others do not
if the nucleus wears out, what would happen?
no cell division would happen; protein synthesis would die out and the incorrect proteins would be created.
which is the the small dark structure in the nucleus that produces ribosomes? A. rough ER B. smooth ER C. nucleolus D. chromatin
nucleolus
the control center or the brain of the cell is the A. endoplasmic reticulum B. mitochondria C. nucleus D. cell membrane
nucleus
nuclear pore
openings where materials can move in and out of the nucleus
The thin, flexible barrier around a cell is called the A. plasma membrane B. nuclear envelope C. cell wall D. cytoplasm
plasma membrane
all cells contain which of the following A. endoplasmic reticulum B. nucleus C. plasma membrane D. mitochondria
plasma membrane
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
proposed cell theory
cell membrane
protective layer that surrounds the cell; regulates what comes in and out of the cell
which of the following is a function of the cell membrane? A. breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods B. stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates C. keeps the cell wall in place D. regulates what comes in and out of the cell
regulates what comes in and out of the cell
Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus? A. golgi apparatus B. vacuole C. mitochondrion D. ribosome
ribosome
what has the rough ER attached to it? A. nucleolus B. ribosomes C. golgi apparatus D. chromosomes
ribosomes
which of the following is the site for protein synthesis? A. cell membrane B. ribosomes C. nucleus D. lysosomes
ribosomes
which structures are found in all types of living cells? A. cell membranes and cell walls B. ribosomes and cell membranes C. cell walls and ribosomes D. ribosomes and chloroplasts
ribosomes and cell membranes
nucleolus
ribosomes are made here
Cytoplasm (structure, function, cell type)
s: fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus f: holds and protects the organelles CT: bacteria/ plant/ animal
Mitochondria (structure, function, cell type)
s: two membranes - Cristae: inner folded membrane F: makes energy (ATP) through cellular respiration; allows chemical reactions to occur CT: plant/animal
this is a series of sac-like tunnels without ribosomes. The main function of this organelle is to make and process lipids. A. smooth ER B. rough ER C. nucleus D. golgi apparatus
smooth ER
Richard Virchow
stated that all cells come from other living cells
which of the following is a function of the nucleus? A. stores DNA B. builds proteins C. builds proteins D. packages proteins
stores DNA
the main function of the cell wall is to A. support and protect the cell B. help the cell move C. store DNA D. direct the activities of the cell
support and protect the cell
the primary function of the cell wall is to
support and protect the cell
if one ribosome wears out, what would happen?
the amount of protein would decrease
which of the following conclusions can you draw about the cell shown? A. The cell is eukaryotic because it has a nucleus B. the cell is prokaryotic because it has a nucleus C. the cell is eukaryotic because it does not have a nucleus D. the cell is prokaryotic because it does not have a nucleus
the cell is eukaryotic because it has a nucleus
Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know? A. the cell lacks a cytoplasm B. the cell lacks a cell membrane C. the cell lacks a nucleus D. the cell lacks genetic material
the cell lacks a nucleus
which of the following best describes the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm? A. the cytoplasm is a fluid that fills inside of the nucleus B. the cytoplasm is an organelle that is usually found near the nucleus C. the nucleus is an organelle that is surrounded by the cytoplasm D. the nucleus is a fluid and it mixes with the fluid cytoplasm
the nucleus is an organelle that is surrounded by the cytoplasm
which of the following statements about the nucleus is not true? A. the nucleus stores the coded instructions for making the cell's proteins B. the nucleus usually contains a nucleolus region which is where ribosome assembly begins C. the nucleus is the site of protein assembly D. the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that lets materials in and out.
the nucleus is the site of protein assembly
which of the following is a sack-like structure that stores water? A. golgi apparatus B. vacuole C. nucleus D. endoplasmic reticulum
vacuole
an organ system is a group of organs that... A. are made of similar cells B. are made up of similar tissues C. work together to perform a specific function D. work together to perform all the functions in a multicellular organism
work together to perform a specific function
