Cells

The three types of passive transport are:

1.) Diffusion 2.) Facilitated diffusion 3.) Osmosis

The three types of active transport are...

1.) Protein pumps 2.) Endocytosis 3.) Exocytosis

Some functions of the cell membrane are:

1.) Supports shape of cell. 2.) Assists in cell division. 3.) Positions organelles.

Vacuoles have _ membranes.

2

The nuclear envelope is:

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

The cytoskeleton is...... It consists of.....

A network of protein filaments that help to give the cell structure. It consists of microfilaments and microtubules.

A membrane is permeable when....

A substance can freely move across the membrane.

The mitochondria converts food into ____ that is useable by a cell.

ATP

The movement of molecules through selective membrane proteins is _______ __________.

Active transport

In facilitated diffusion, molecules move _______ (down or against) the concentration gradient.

Against

Surface area =

Area= 6xa (a= area of one surface)

Cell theory is one of the great unifying theories of _______.

Biology

The function of peroxisomes is to:

Break down toxins, and it is where hydrogen peroxide is broken down (has high levels of catalase).

_____ help identify cell types.

Carbs

The function of vesicles is to:

Carry certain molecules from place to place in a cell.

The ____ is the most basic unit of life.

Cell

All cells are surrounded by a _______ __________.

Cell membrane

Only certain cells have a ____ ____.

Cell wall

All organisms are made of _______.

Cells

Proteins made in ribosomes are inserted into rough ER for _______ ________ and ______.

Chemical modification, export

________ strengthens the cell membrane.

Cholesterol

The difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another is called a ___________ _________.

Concentration grandient

The function of lysosomes is to:

Contain enzymes that break down damaged and worn out cell parts; defends cell from invaders.

The function of chloroplasts is to:

Convert sunlight energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis in plants.

The jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks and, in some types of cells, organelles, is called ___________.

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ___.

DNA

The definition of chromatin is:

DNA attached to proteins. (Non condensed form of chromosomes.)

The function of the liver is to:

Detoxify drugs and toxins. Enzymes detoxify poisonous substances in the liver.

Endocytosis and executives use _______.

Energy

Passive transport does not require _______.

Energy

During endocytosis, the vesicles membrane fuses with a lysosome, and then ambiance and its contents are broken down by lysosomal ________.

Enzymes

______ cells can be either single celled or multicellular.

Eukaryotic

________ cells contain a nucleus.

Eukaryotic

_________ cells contain membrane bound organelles.

Eukaryotic

__________ cells are surrounded by a cell membrane.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

__________ cells contain cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

True or false: A selectively permeable membrane allows all molecules to cross.

False

Flagella are...

Few long hair-like appendage(s) that extend from the surface of the cell.

Cell membranes are ________ (rigid or flexible?).

Flexible

All cells are in a _____ environment.

Fluid

Lysosomes are knows as the "clean up crew" because....

Get rid of waste of cell. They are filled with digestive enzymes.

The function of the cytoskeleton is to:

Help maintain shape and organization of cell, and help the cell divide and move.

The function of the cilia is to:

Help move cells or move things past them.

Cytosis is when...

High solute concentration on inside, water moves into cell, cell swells.

Plasmosis is when...

High solute concentration on outside, water moves out of cell, cell shrinks.

A molecule that diffused down a concentration gradient goes from an are of ____ to _____ concentration.

High, low

Water moves from ____ to ____ concentration.

High, low

Vacuoles help maintain __________.

Homeostasis

_______ was first to identify cells and name them.

Hooke

If a solution is __________ it has the highest concentration of particles.

Hypertonic

If a solution is _______ it had the highest concentration of water molecules.

Hypotonic

Ribosomes are found:

In the cytoplasm and attached to the to the rough ER

Endocytosis takes substances ____ a cell.

Into

If a solution is __________ is has about equal concentration of particles and water molecules, also known as equilibrium.

Isotonic

DNA is in the nucleus because:

It needs to be protected when the cell bumps into other cells, and is in an organized location.

________ observed live cells in greater detail.

Leewenhoek

The higher the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution, the ______ (higher or lower) the concentration of water molecules in that solution.

Lower

Cilia are....

Many short hair-like structures that extend from the surface of the cell.

All transport proteins span the __________.

Membrane

How did eukaryotes evolve and get energy?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were engulfed by eukaryotes to efficiently convert energy (symbiosis), explaining why they have two membranes.

Protein pump formula:

Na+ / K+ (pumps three Na+ out of the cell and two K+ in)

All existing cells are produced by _______.

Other living cells

Exocytosis takes substances ___ __ a cell.

Out of

Selective ________ means that the cell membrane allows some, but not all, molecules to cross.

Permeability

The three major parts of a phospholipid are:

Phospholipid head, phospholipid tail, cholesterol.

A fluid mosaic model describes the arrangement of the ___________ that make up a cell membrane.

Phospholipids

Osmotic pressure is...

Pressure exerted by water toward hypertonic side of a semipermeable membrane.

The function of the Golgi apparatus is to:

Process, sort, and deliver proteins. Also stores waste before export.

_____ cells are only single celled.

Prokaryotic

_______ cells have no nucleus.

Prokaryotic

__________ cells tend to be microscopic in size.

Prokaryotic

Ribosomes are the sight of:

Protein synthesis

The endoplasmic reticulum is a maze of folded membranes where ______ and _____ are produced.

Proteins and lipids.

_______ helps materials cross the membrane and are also parts of the cytoskeleton.

Protien

A ________ detects a signal molecule and carries out an action in response.

Receptor

Cell walls are _______. (Rigid or flexible?)

Rigid

The cell walls in a plant are strong and _____ and adhere to each other, which help to support the entire plant.

Rigid

________ concluded that plants are made of cells.

Schlieden

_______ concluded that animals and all living things are made of cells.

Schwann

All membranes are _____ __________.

Semi permeable

Most membranes are _____ __________.

Semi permeable

________ (simple or facilitated) diffusion occurs through the membrane, but ______ (simple or facilitated) diffusion occurred through selective transport proteins.

Simple, facilitated

Chloroplasts enable plants to convert _____ ______ into energy-rich molecules that the cells can use.

Solar energy

The function of a vacuole is to:

Store material needed by cell; may help provide support to plant cells.

The function of the mitochondria is to:

Supply energy to the cell by converting molecules from food into useable energy.

Osmosis is:

The diffusion of water

Diffusion gets its energy from __________ (it's a long blank).

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and the natural motion of particles.

Cells are small because...

There is a greater surface area to volume ratio, allowing things to come and go quickly.

The function of the smooth ER is:

To create membrane lipids and hormones, and to detoxify drugs.

The function of the endoplasmic reticulum is:

To help in the production of proteins and lipids.

The function of ribosomes is:

To link amino acids together to form proteins, located on the rough ER.

The function of the nucleus is:

To store most genetic information of the cell; main control of cell.

True or false: A membrane is fluid, because the phospholipids in each layer can move from side to side, in and out of the cell, by sliding past each other, and by spinning in circles.

True

A cell may transport a substance in __________ if the substance is too large to cross the membrane.

Vesicles

Endocytosis and exocytosis moves substances in __________.

Vesicles

______ proposed that all cells are made from other living cells.

Virchow

Volume =

Volume=length x width x hight

Nuclear pores are:

What allow transfer of material in and out of the nucleus, found in the nuclear envelope.

The function of the nucleolus is:

Where ribosomes are formed.

Active transport proteins use ________ to move a substance against its concentration gradient.

energy (another answer is protein pumps)