cellular and molecular biology photosynthesis: light-dependent and light-independent reactions

chlorophyll a chlorophyll b carotenoids

each photosystem consists of ____________ _ and the accessory pigments, __________ _ and ______________

CO2 + H+ (protons) + electrons PGAL

simplified equation of the light-independent reactions

photosystems

hundreds of light-absorbing complexes within thylakoid membranes

excited electrons

Where does water come into the reactions? Water is the source of replacing the _______ _______ from the chlorophyll molecules

all the time oxidation mitochondria proton gradient O2 CO2 NAD etc Krebs Cycle

cellular respiration: occurs (all the time/only in the light) are (oxidation/reduction) reactions occurs in (chloroplasts/mitochondria) relies on ETC to produce a (proton gradient/ATP) requires (CO2/O2) and releases (CO2/O2) (NAD/NADP) is the proton carrier ATP is produced by (ATP synthetase/ETC) contains a cyclical process (Calvin Cycle/Krebs Cycle)

electron transport chains chemiosmosis

ATP is produced in chloroplasts by ________ _______ ________ and _____________

electron transport chains

as the chlorophyll in grana absorb light in the light-dependent reaction, electrons become energized and escape from chlorophyll molecules into ________ _________ _______

ATP

large amounts of ___ are required to keep the Calvin Cycle running, and these large amounts are produced in the light-dependent reactions

ATP

one of the main results of the light-dependent reactions is that large amounts of ___ are produced

only in the light reduction chloroplasts proton gradient CO2 O2 NADP atp synthetase Calvin Cycle

photosynthesis: occurs (all the time/only in the light) are (oxidation/reduction) reactions occurs in (chloroplasts/mitochondria) relies on ETC to produce a (proton gradient/ATP) requires (CO2/O2) and releases (CO2/O2) (NAD/NADP) is the proton carrier ATP is produced by (ATP synthetase/ETC) contains a cyclical process (Calvin Cycle/Krebs Cycle)

chlorophyll in the light-dependent reactions

the electrons made through photolysis replace those lost by _______________________________

light chlorophyll energized electrons ETC proton gradient ATP synthetase ATP

the equation of the flow of energy through the light-dependent reactions

energy protons

the function of the light-dependent reactions is to produce ______ and _______ for the light-independent reactions

carbon fixation

the incorporation of carbon dioxide into a sugar molecule

sugar PGAL

the light independent reactions' function is to produce ______ or ____

grana thylakoids

the light-dependent reactions occur in the _____ of chloroplasts within specialized membranes called ____________

stroma

the light-independent reactions occur in the ______

waste oxygen

the oxygen made through photolysis is released into the atmosphere as a ______ product; and is the source of all our _______ in the atmosphere

NADP stroma

the protons made through photolysis pass through the ATP synthetase channels and get carried by ____ to the _______ for light-independent reactions

light-dependent reactions light-independent

the two main processes of photosynthesis: ______-________ ________ _______-__________ ______

photolysis

water breaks down through a process called ____________, into its components: electrons, protons, and oxygen atoms

light

both light-dependent and light-independent reactions occur only when there is _______

sugar

the function of the light-independent reactions is to make ________ (PGAL)

Calvin Cycle

carbon fixation occurs in the cyclical process known as the

proton gradient

in the light-dependent reaction, the energized electrons in the ETC pumps protons across the thylakoid membrane and creates a ______ _________

ATP synthetase channel

in the light-dependent reaction, the potential energy stored in the proton gradient is converted into ATP as protons flow through the ___ ___________ _________

protons electrons

in the light-independent reactions, carbon dioxide, which the plant takes in through its leaves, combines with ________ and _______ carried from the light reactions by NADP to produce sugar