Cellular Respiration

The energy is used to transport protons against their concentration gradient

. As electrons move along the electron transport chain, they lose potential energy. How is the energy that is released used by the cell?

Aerobic respiration

A human cell has a mutation in the gene that encodes the enzyme that generates lactate from pyruvate, rendering that enzyme completely non-functional. Assuming that there is ample glucose present, how would this cell generate energy in the presence of oxygen?

Broken down to form two molecules of pyruvate

During glycolysis molecules of glucose are:

Acetyl-CoA

Glucose is not our only food source, nor the only one we can utilize in our bodies to generate energy. Other primary sources of energy include other sugars, proteins, and fats. What metabolic intermediate are fats primarily converted into?

Produces a net gain of two molecules of ATP

Glycolysis of a glucose molecule:

ATP can be made by direct phosphorylation of ADP in the cytoplasm, and by an enzyme complex that uses the energy from a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. It can also be made in other locations in the cell, depending on the cell type.

How and where is ATP made in a eukaryotic cell?

Oxygen

The "spent" electrons from electron transport in aerobic respiration are transferred to:

ATP, electron carriers

The Kreb's cycle produces __________ and ____________.

ATP Synthase

The enzyme that forms a channel in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and phosphorylates ADP is

Glycolysis

The most ancient of the energy pathways is probably:

Glycolysis

This process is common to all living cells:

Reduction - Any chemical reaction in which the atoms in a material take on electrons

To form NADH from NAD+, two electrons and a proton are removed from an organic molecule. What term best describes the reaction that adds hydrogen to NAD+?

Pyruvate

What is an end-product of glycolysis?

Glycolysis coupled with lactate fermentation

When oxygen is unavailable during heavy exercise what process do muscle cells use for energy generation?

ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that:

In the mitochondria

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur in eukaryotic cells?

To generate and maintain the proton gradient essential for ATP production

Why are the components of the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than floating freely in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial matrix?

a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

In aerobic respiration, chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by:

Pyruvate

Only a small amount of ATP is produced during glycolysis because most of the energy stored in a glucose molecule remains in the bonds of:

Heterotrophs

Organisms that depend on the energy stored in chemical bonds by other organisms for their food energy are called ____________.