CGS 2060 Computer Input/Output

Facial recognition

-Attempts to identify individuals by specific features •Several methods -3D mapping: maps the depth of eye sockets, forehead dome, etc. -Relative feature charting :measures the distance between eyes, mouth, nose etc. -Skin texture identification. -Combinations of these.

The QWERTY keyboard

-Common text-entry input device. •Named for the first 6 top-row letters from the left. •Developed to keep 19th-century typewriters from jamming if keys were pressed too quickly. •A great example of the value of open source standards and protocols - this keyboard layout is used around the WORLD.

Examples of Input Devices

-Keyboard -Mouse -Touchpad -Touchscreen -Camera -Microphone -Game controller

Cathode Ray Tube/CRT

-Older monitors use a glass picture tube to display video output. •CRTs have a large glass tube which uses electron beam to create a picture. •A CRT monitor or TV's size depends on the size of the tube. This makes them very large and heavy.

Touchpads

-Take very little space -most laptops come with touchpads. •Fingers conduct electrons and the touchpad senses this electron movement. •Gloves or even extremely dry fingers can be problematic with touchpads.

Peripheral examples

-mouse -keyboard -speakers -monitor -game controller -printer

3 types of fingerprint scanners

1. Capacitance sensor 2. Optical sensor 3. Ultrasonic sensor

Input devices

Allow data and signals to enter a computer.

Roll-up keyboards

can easily stuff into your backpack!

Ergonomic keyboards

help reduce repetitive stress injuries such as carpel tunnel syndrome.

Musical Instrument Digital Interface/MIDI

•Allows you to turn your computer into a sound studio. • includes the protocols for translating music into digital signals. MIDI includes 16 channel inputs, allowing for 16 different instruments or voice inputs. •greatly reduces cost of quality music creation.

Output

•refers to anything created with a computer, meaningful information or non-discernible data. •can appear in a variety of forms such as numbers, characters, pictures, or images.

Thermal Printers

•used most commonly for creating receipts. •Thermal paper turns black when heated, making it much less expensive and cleaner than using ink or toner. •Some thermal paper comes with different colors, usually red and black, and heats the paper at different temperatures.

Retinal recognition

- less common -The retina has many blood vessels. -Low-power infrared beam is shined in the eye. -Blood vessels absorb more light than the rest of the retina, different blood vessel patterns can be detected.

Keyboard

-Type depends on the computer •Desktop and All-in-One computers provide the most flexibility since the keyboard is already a separate component. •Nearly all phones and tablets use virtual keyboards on a touchscreen. •Laptop keyboards - limited by the size of the monitor's screen. •You can always add an external keyboard if you desire.

Light Emitting Diode display/LED

-displays are actually Liquid Crystal Displays with a screen of white LEDs to backlight the display. •convert electricity into light. The greater the amount of electricity passing through the diode, the brighter the light. •LEDs are microscopic, LED displays can be thin enough to hang on walls like pictures.

Output examples:

-processed data -printouts or displayed on a monitor

Printers

-recreate a computer image onto paper or other substrate. •Printer resolution is described as dots per inch. Printer speed is described as pages per minute. •The most common printers, inkjet printers.

Ergonomics

-refers to the art of designing products that present information in the most useful way. •Ergonomics can help improve mental concentration and physical capability by providing only the information that is needed at the time. •Ergonomic designs have been incorporated into modern cars, aircraft, ships, and many other devices. •Ergonomic output devices include heads-up displays, integrated helmets, and numerous other applications.

Plotters

•Plotters are used to print large graphic images such as designs of buildings, machinery, and ships. •Plotters recreate images by mechanically moving a pen over a large sheet of paper.

Peripheral

•device that connects to a computer. •enhance the capabilities of other digital devices. •can be connected either with wires or with radio waves (wireless).

Liquid Crystal Display/LCD

•most common type of display for computer monitors. •made of several layers of filters plus a screen of transparent electrodes and a layer of liquid crystal molecules. -When powered, the electrode "twists" or "bends" the liquid crystal molecule, allowing light to either pass through or be blocked from a pixel filter.... this determines the color and intensity of each pixel.

Mouse

-Developed so that objects such as images or icons could be selected or dragged across a bitmapped screen. •Apple Macintosh computers introduced the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the mouse. •Now nearly every desktop and All-in-One computer comes with a mouse. -Dr. Douglas Engelbart and Bill English designed mouse in 1968 while developing Bitmapping-precursor to GUI

Projectors

-Projectors use light to display output on a surface. They allow large audiences to view the video output of a digital device. •Projectors require a darkened environment. •Projectors are popular in classrooms and theaters where the lighting can be controlled and where video and images are viewed by larger audiences -Projectors create output using bright lamp. The brightness of the light emitted from the projector is rated in lumens. •Many projectors use halide lamps that pass light through LCD panels. Another type of technology used in projectors is Digital Light Processing (DLP). •DLP uses thousands of tiny mirrors that are controlled by a processor to create output.

Ultrasonic sensor

-uses the reflection of sound waves to detect the patterns on your fingerprint.

Projection laser keyboards

allow any flat surface to be a keyboard.

Output Devices

allows users to view or otherwise use the information processed by a computer.

MEMs chip

small size make them ideal for cellphones and hearing aids

Capacitance System

what touchpad's use to track finger movement across the touchpad electrons drawn to fingertips

Microphone Options

•The right choice of microphone depends on the input requirements and your budget. •Most microphones plug-in to a USB port.

Magnetic Ink Recognition/ MICR

•Used on checks .•Can be quickly processed by cashiers and banks. •Characters written with ink containing iron oxide - detected by MICR readers. •Information typically includes: -Bank's routing number -Checking account identification -Check number

Biometric examples

-fingerprints -eye retinas and irises -facial bone structure -palm prints -stride -typing patterns -speech recognition.

Static method signature identification

-written on paper and then scanned -The software then maps the signature.

How do laser printers work?

1.Laser printers use toner, spinning cylindrical drums, and a laser to transfer images onto paper. 2. Toner is a powdery, dry, plastic ink with a positive electrical charge. 3. The cylindrical drum is negatively charged with electrons. 4. The laser removes the unnecessary electrons. The positively charged toner is attracted to the remaining electrons on the drum. 5.The toner is then melted onto the paper to create the image.

3D Printing

•3D printing allows designers to create three-dimensional objects from a computer image. •Cross sections of the object are first created and then successive layers of material, usually plastic, are sprayed through a nozzle to recreate the object.

Output Devices Examples

-monitors -projectors -printers -speakers.

Game controllers

-Provide an interface that optimizes a user's ability to interact with a specific gaming platform. •PS4 and Xbox One: similar markets - similar controllers. •Nintendo's Wii platform emphasizes more physical movement than its predecessor, the GameCube, so the Wii's controller looks and feels significantly different. •Nearly as many game controllers as there are electronic games. •Examples include: -Steering wheels and pedals for racing and flying games -Musical instruments -Weapons -Dance pads

Iris recognition

-most common -Iris is photographed -Patterns of colors are compared to a database of irises.

Dynamic method signature identification

-uses a stylus and touchpad. -This method maps the signature and also measures pressure, pen angle, pen up/down, speed, etc.

4K Ultra HD

•4K Ultra TVs have four times the picture resolution of Full HD 1080p. •Uses LED technology. •3,840 x 2,160 pixels. Full HD has 1,920 x 1,080 pixels. •This increased pixel density allows you to sit very close to the device without sacrificing image quality.

Touchpad options

•Many give users significant control over their computer's pointers. •Artists and graphic designers often use specialized stylus-equipped touchpads that allow them to create brush strokes, calligraphy, and many other artistic options.

Barcode readers

•Most commonly used for checkout in stores-measures the reflection of a laser beam. •Black bars of the UPC absorb more of the laser's light than the surrounding area - difference is detected by receptors in the scanner. •Another common barcode reader uses camera-type CCD (charged coupled device) technology that can detect colors.

Mouse options

•Numerous options •Most of these options attach to the computer either wired or wirelessly through your computer's USB port. •A trackball has a rolling ball housed within a stationary device. -Some prefer an ergonomically-shaped mouse that comfortably fits their hand.

Optical media output

-digital versatile discs/ DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. •These discs store data using reflective material placed in the coating of a plastic disc. A laser "reads" this reflected data. •Blu-ray technology uses shorter wavelength lasers in the blue spectrum. -DVDs use longer wavelength lasers in the red spectrum. •This means that Blu-ray players can read both Blu-ray discs and DVDs, but DVD players cannot read Blu-ray discs.

Monitor

-is an electronic, fixed-screen device that visually displays computer output. •Monitors include the touchscreen monitors found on tablet computers, smartphones, and some laptop computers •Many users prefer liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors while some like the crispness of a light emitting diode (LED) display.

Optical sensor

-takes a photo of your fingerprint. -This type has the disadvantage of not working well when the sensor or fingers are dirty.

Organic Light Emitting Diode /OLED

-use red, green, and blue LEDs to create each pixel. •These displays currently cost more than LCD displays, but mass production will bring down costs. •Because LEDs are microscopic, OLED displays can be curved and paper-thin.

Capacitance sensor

-works like a laptop's touchpad or a phone's touchscreen. -Uses electron movement to sense fingerprint patterns. -phone fingerprint scanner

Biometrics

•Uses human traits for identification •Everyone should have the trait, but it must be unique to each individual. •The trait should not change over time. •Ex. include.. fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, facial bone structure, palm prints, stride, typing patterns, and speech recognition.

Dot Matrix Printers

•A dot matrix printer is a type of impact printer. An impact printer creates output by physically striking an ink coated ribbon with a metal rod. •A dot matrix printer uses a series of tiny rods arranged in a rectangular bundle to produce dots that form characters. •Dot matrix printers are still used by a variety of businesses.

Optical Character Recognition/OCR

•Allows any text, even handwritten scrawls, to be digitized. •Uses algorithms that estimate the likelihood of the word that is being written based on character shape, prior entries, and frequency of usage. •The more often users enter data into OCR software the more likely the software will correctly "guess" the intended entry.

Audio Output

•Audio output, or sound, is an essential component of most computer systems. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops include integrated speakers. •To create sound, a computer uses digital-to-analog converters. Speakers then change the analog electrical impulses to sound by physically pushing air. •To improve sound quality, particularly in the lower (bass) ranges, many users add external speakers to their computers.

Video Teleconferencing/VTC

•Cameras, microphones, displays, speakers and software allow users to both see and hear each other. •Used by families, professionals, and gamers to allow more detailed and intimate conversations than phone calls. •Apps such as Skype, Google+ Hangouts and Apple Facetime provide essentially free VTC

Microphones

•Change sound waves into electrical signals. •Most use a sound sensitive diaphragm over an electrically charged capacitance plate. •Diaphragm's movement causes the electrons to move creating an electrical current. •This diaphragm/capacitance plate combination is housed in a MEMS chip (MicroElectrical-Mechanical System).

Extreme action video cameras

•GoPro's Hero 4, iON Air Pro, SONY Action Cams, etc. •Rugged, water-resistant •Allow users to film high-definition video under harsh conditions •Often mounted on helmets •Most incorporate video stabilization and background noise dampening microphones.

Gait analysis

•Looks at step length, step width, walking speed. •Angles formed by the trunk, hip, knee, ankle and foot are measured and compared with stored identification data. •This form of identification is valuable because it can be used at night or through walls with infrared cameras or even with satellite imagery.

Optical mark recognition scanning

•Most commonly found on standardized tests. •Students fill in "bubbles" with #2 pencil. •Scanner uses a laser that is reflected by the mark made - reflection is "read" by the scanner. •OMR technology made test grading faster and more accurate so most standardized tests now use multiple choice or true/false questions.

Scanners

•Puts paper documents into a digital format that can be viewed or manipulated on a computer. •Options include: -Flatbed scanners (usually incorporated with printers/copier) -Hand-held or wand scanners -MICR readers -Bar code scanners -OMR scanners

Radio-Frequency Identification/ RFID

•Radio waves transmit data. •Passive tags absorb energy while being scanned and then transmit data to the scanner. •Active tags have batteries and transmit data continuously. •RFID tags, particularly passive tags, can be extremely small and inexpensive.

Speech recognition

•Records, maps, and analyzes voice patterns. •Voice frequency, pitch, speech rhythms and other characteristics are charted and compared to existing records. •Increasingly used in telephone banking and for other financial transactions, smartphones, as well as by governmental agencies for security purposes.

Sampling Rate

•Sampling rate refers to the accuracy of a digital recording. Sound is an analog signal. •Sound has wavelength and frequency, or volume and pitch. Since computers can only process digital data, sound must be digitized. •To digitize an analog signal, each incoming sound wave is measured or "sampled". •The more samples taken, the more accurate the sound recording.

Webcams

•Takes photos or steams video into a computer or over the Internet. •Nearly all laptops and phones have webcams. •Enable video-teleconferencing apps such as Skype. •Webcams can be hacked and users can unknowingly be monitored and photographed.

Compare speaker options

•The speakers in smartphones and laptops are necessarily tiny, resulting in low sound quality, particularly in the lower ranges. •To improve sound output of digital devices, many users add external speakers. There are countless speaker options available. To determine which option to choose, first determine your needs. -Does your speaker option need to be portable? -How important is sound quality? In general, lower range tones require a physically larger speaker. -Do you need speakers that are Bluetooth capable or will you be using wires? •Once you've determined your needs, price will be a significant factor.

Webcam options

•Usually purchased by desktop users since most laptops come with webcams. •Choice and price determined by image quality, microphone, and style. •Don't overspend if used primarily for video-conferencing, most likely you won't be using enough bandwidth for a high-definition image.

Plasma Display Panel

•create images with pixels made of red, green, and blue cells. •Each cell is filled with ionized gas called plasma. •Electronic layers in the screen send electricity to each cell to vary the brightness of the cell. •The greater the electricity, the greater the brightness of the plasma cell.

Inkjet printers

•most popular type of printers in the world. They print by spraying droplets of ink onto the substrate, usually paper. •The four major manufacturers of inkjet printers include Canon, Epson, HP, and Lexmark. •Manufacturers often sell printers below production costs and then mark up the price of the ink.

Laser printers

•the most popular printers for use in business offices because they use relatively inexpensive toner rather than liquid ink. •faster than inkjet printers when printing multiple copies