Ch. 1 Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care
What does that Latin word Brachium mean and what does it refer to?
"to embrace" , Brachium refers to the arm
The abdominopelvic cavity hold what three cavities?
(1) The peritoneal cavity, (2) Abdominal cavity, (3) Pelvic cavity
Homeostatic regulation usually involves three key factors to help control homeostasis, what are they?
(1) a receptor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus, (2) a control center, or integration center, which receives and processes information from the receptor: and (3) an effector, which responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes or reinforces the stimulus. ie: think of a thermostat...the thermostat is a control center that monitors temp, the thermostat recieves info from a receptor due to change in temp and it controls one of two effectors: a heater or an air conditioner.
The 11 organ systems in the human body are?
(1) the integumentary system, (2) the skeletal system, (3) the muscular system, (4) the nervous system, (5) the endocrine system, (6) the cardiovascular system, (7) the lymphatic system, (8) the respiratory system, (9) the digestive system, (10) the urinary system, (11) the reproductive system
What are the two vital functions of Body Cavities?
(1) they protect delicate organs, (2) the permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs
What are the cavities called that the diaphragm seperates?
(1)The thorasic cavity and (2) the abdominopelvic cavity
How many organ systems are in the human body?
11
How many levels of Organization are there?
6
The muscular system consist of what?
700 skeletal muscles, axial muscles, appendicular muscles, and tendons
The Abdominopelvic regions are how many and what?
9 regions. From pt right to left, top to bottom(1)right hypochondriac region (2) Epigastric region (3) left hypochondriac region (4) Right lumbar region (5) umbilical region (6) left lumbar region (7) right inguinal region (8) hypogastric(pubic) region (9) left inguinal region
Serous membrane is?
A delicate layer that lines the walls of the thorasic and abdominopelvic cavities and cover the surfaces of the enclosed viscera
The Ventral body cavity or coelom contains what organs?
All but is divided by diaphragm and divided into two cavities
The muscular system primary functions is to?
Allow locomotion; support and produces heat
What does thermoregulation involve?
Altering the relationship between heat loss and heat production.
RLQ pain is indicative of?
Appendicitis
Superficial in relation to anatomy region means?
At, near, or relatively close to body surface ie: the scalp is superficial to the skull
"Dorsum" refers to what?
Back ie: dorsal
What is an example of positive feedback?
Blood clotting. When you get injured and your recieve a cut, the damaged blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the multistep process of blood clotting. As clotting gets underway, each step releases chemicals taht accelerate the process. That accelerated process is a positive feedback.
What does the Skeletal system consist of?
Bones, cartilages, joints, and bone marrow
These structures are in what region? Brachium Antebrachium Manus Thigh Leg (anterior) Calf Pes (foot) Planta (sole)
Brachial region Antevrachial region Manual region Femoral region Crural region Sural region Pedal region Plantar region
What is considered the cornerstone of human physiology?
Cell physiology
These regions hold what? Cephalic Cervical Thorasic Abdominal Pelvic Lumbar Gluteal Pubic Inguinal Axillary
Cephalon (head) cervicis (neck) Thoracis(thorax or chest) Abdomen Pelvis Loin (lower back) Buttock Pubis (anterior pelvis) Groin Axilla (armpit)
What are the levels or Organization?
Chemical or Molecular, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism (ie: human being)
What is Microscopic Anatomy?
Concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
What is the lymphatic system primary functions?
Defend against infection and disease; return tissue fluids to the bloodstream
The respiratory system primary functions is to?
Deliver air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and curculation blood
Deep in relation to anatomy region means?
Farther from the body surface ie: the bone of the thigh is deep to the surronding skeletal muscles
What does Anatomy mean?
Greek word meaning "a cutting open", it refers to the study of the PHYSICAL internal and external structures and the PHYSICAL relationships between body part.
"Cardium" refers to what?
Heart ie: pericardium
What is Systemic physiology?
It considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems. ie: respiratory physiology and reporductive physiology
What is Regional Anatomy?
It considers all the superficial and internal features in a specific region of the body ie: head, neck, trunk, abdomen
What is Systemic Anatomy?
It considers the structure of the major organ systems. ie: cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive
Describe the abdominopelvic cavity.
It extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis. Its subdivided a superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity.
Describe the Abdominal cavity.
It extends from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to the level of the superior margins of the plvis. It contains the liver, stromach, spleen, small intestine and most of the large intestine.
The Frontal plane divides the body how and where is it located?
It extends laterally side to side and divides body into anterior and posterior protions. Runs vertical thru body
What is the transverse plane?
It is a sectional plane that divides the body into superior and inferior protions also called cross section. It runs horizontally thru body
Describe the Abdominopelvic cavity.
It is enclosed by the abdominal wall and by the bones and muscles of the pelvis
What is positive feedback?
It is the initial stimulus produced from a response that reinforces that stimulus.
Describe the Pelvic cavity.
It is the protion of the ventral vody cavity inferior to the abdominal cavity. It contains the distal protion of the large intestine, urinary bladder and various reporductive organs
What is Cytology?
It is the study of cells, which are composed of chemical substances and our lives depend on the chemical processes that occur in those cells.
What is Histology?
It takes a broader perspective and examines tissues, which are group of specialized cells that work together to perfor specific functions.
The urinary system consist of and what are its primary functions?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Eliminates excess water, salts and waste
The sagital plane divides the body into what portions and how does it run?
Left and right, runs across the body's midline vertically
The reproductive system functions are and consists of what?
Male- testes, accessory organs-epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra, external genitalia Female- ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands Funtion- produces sex cells and hormones
The respiratory system consist of?
Nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli
Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body involve what feedback?
Negative
Why do organisms need Metabolic operations?
Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy required for responsiveness, growth, reproduction and movement. They must also synthesize complex chemicals, ie proteins. And your Metabolism creates these complex chemical reactions.
The Serous membrane that surroundes the heart is called?
Pericardium
The serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity is called what?
Pleura
The Integumentary system's primary functions are?
Protect against environment hazards; help control body temp.
The Skeletal system's primary function is?
Provides support; protect tissues; store minerals; forms blood
What are the four Abdominopelvic quadrants?
RUQ,LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
Negative feedback means?
Regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor, a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation
Each cavity in the Thorasic cavity is covered with what?
Serous membranes
A tissue is composed of what?
Similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. ie: heart muscle cells form heart muscle tissue.
What are the most imprtant generators of body heat?
Skeletal muscles
The Integumentary system is composed of what?
Skin-epidermis and dermis Hair follicles- hairs and sebaceous glands Sweat glands Nails Sensory Receptors Subcutaneous Layer
"-logy" means/refers to what?
Study of ie: biology
The term homeostatic regulation refers to?
The adjustments in physiological systems that perserve homeostatsis.
Metabolism refers to what?
The chemical opertations that take place in the body.
How does the body regulate temp. if it drops?
The control center targets the same two effectors but this time the blood flow declines and sweat activity decreases. This combo reduces the rate of heat loss to the environment. Due to heat production still continuing in the body the temp. balance with level and everything goes back to normal resting levels.
Thermoregulation is what?
The control of body temperature
What is in the pericardial cavity?
The heart
The pericardium lies where inside thorasic cavity?
The mediastinum
The parietal pleura covers?
The opposing surface of the mediastinum and the inner body wall
The visceral pleura covers what?
The outer layer of the lung
The peritoneal cavity is lined by a serous membrane known as?
The peritoneum
What is the difference between the visceral layer and parietal layer?
The portion of a serous membrane that covers a visceral organ is called the visceral layer; the opposing layer that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber is called the parietal layer
Physiology mean what?
The study of HOW living organisms pergorm their vital functions.
"Bios" refers to what?
The study of life ie: biology
Special physiology?
The study of specific organs ie: renal physiolgoy (kidney function), cardiac physiology (heart function).
Pathological physiology or Pathology is?
The study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
Cell physiology is?
The study of the funcitons of living cells including what takes place and chemical and molecular levels- both within and between the cells.
Caudal in relation to anatomy region means?
The tail (coccyx in humans) ie: the hips are caudal to the waist
How does your body regulate temperature if it rises?
The thermoregulatory control center in located in the brain. Temperature receptors are located in the skin and in cells in the control center. Normal temp is 98.6. If it rises, the control center tragets two effectors: (1) smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels that supply the skin and (2) sweat glands. The muscle tissue relaxes and blood vessels widen that inturn increases blood flow and the sweat glands accelerate their secretion. Skin acts like radiator and loses heat to environment and evaporation of sweat speeds process. Temp returns to normal, thermoregulator center becomes inactive till needed again.
The nervous system primary functions are?
To direct immediate response to stimuli
"Homeo" refers to what?
Unchanging ie: homeostasis
The internal organs in the thorasic and abdominopelvic cavity are called?
Viscera
The organs in the thorasic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by what moist internal spaces?
Viscera
Gross Anatomy?
What is seen with the naked eye
The nervous system consist of what?
central nervous system, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system
The endocrine system primary functions are?
directing long term changes in activities of other organ systems
The greek word "pathos" means what?
disease
RUQ pain is indicative of?
gallbladder or liver problems
The cardiovascular system consist of what?
heart, blood vessels-arteries, capillaries and veins, and blood
Describe Thorasic cavity.
it is bounded by chest wall and holds the pair of pleural cavities and pericardial cavity.
The lymphatic system consist of what?
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus
The endocrine system consist of what?
pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads-testes or ovaries
The digestive system primary functions are?
process food and absorb nutrients
The digestive system consist of?
salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and large intenstine
The cardiovascular system primary functions are?
transport cells and dissolve materials, including nutrients, waste, and gases.
