CH 1 Developmental Psychology

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Developmental stages are characterized by developmental tasks that must be resolved. Developmental stages are turning points marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.

According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage.

Erikson

Which of the following statements about ethnicity are true?

Ethnicity can include race and religion. There can be diversity within ethnic groups. Cultural heritage and language are aspects of ethnicity.

______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods

Ethological

True or false: Research using the life-span perspective is not relevant to social policy issues.

False

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

False Reason: The focus of life-span development is from conception to death.

Which of the following statements about gender are true? (Choose every correct answer.)

Gender refers to the characteristics of being male or female. Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships.

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of ______ versus ______.

Piaget's developmental theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory information-processing theory

Which statement about the human life span is TRUE?

The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history. Reason: Although life expectancy has changed, the maximum possible life span of humans has not changed.

Each of Piaget's age-related stages consists of

a distinct way of thinking.

During Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, what do infants begin to do?

assert their independence

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood and involves infants realizing their will?

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Ethological theory stresses ______ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes ______ factors.

biological; environmental

Age has been conceptualized in which of the following ways?

chronologically psychologically socially biologically

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories.

cognitive

Normative history-graded influences are

common to members of a particular generation.

If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it

compares multiple cultures.

Marco can reason logically about real or specific examples, but he cannot yet reason logically about hypothetical or abstract ideas. Which Piagetian stage is he in?

concrete operational

What is the third stage of Piaget's cognitive development called?

concrete operational

A(n) ______ is a setting where development occurs, such as in the family, peer group, or place of employment.

context

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize

continuity in development.

Life-span development is considered to be a _____ process and does not end at any particular age.

continuous

Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as

cross-cultural.

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development.

cultural experiences

What term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people?

culture

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that

development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.

The ______ period refers to a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.

developmental

David is establishing economic independence, pursuing a career, and is considering getting married in the near future. David is very likely in the __ adulthood stage of life.

early

Sharon is becoming more self-sufficient and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the ______ period of development.

early childhood

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) ______ theoretical orientation.

eclectic

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a(n) ______ approach to life-span development.

eclectic theoretical orientation

Rajiv is 21 years old, and is very much still exploring and experimenting with his identity. He is most likely in the stage of adulthood, a term used to refer specifically to the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

emerging

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

Life ____ is the average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live.

expectancy

The traditional approach to the study of development emphasizes the

extensive changes that occur from birth to adolescence.

True or false: Research using the life-span perspective is not relevant to social policy issues.

false

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

false Reason: The life-span perspective does include biological factors.

Biological age is determined by the

functioning capacities of a person's vital organs.

______ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females.

gender

During which developmental stage of Erikson's theory do children, usually in the elementary school years, direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills?

industry versus inferiority

During Erikson's psychosocial stage of ______ versus ______, usually corresponding with the elementary school years, children's energy should be directed toward acquiring knowledge and intellectual skills.

industry; inferiority

Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language and symbolic thought. Waylon is in which developmental period?

infancy

What developmental period lasts from birth to approximately 18 to 24 months?

infancy

Which theoretical approach believes that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering information that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

information-processing

What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?

information-processing theory

As preschoolers encounter a wider social world with new challenges that require responsible, active, purposeful behavior, which of Erikson's stages occurs?

initiative versus guilt

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development. This highlights the view that development is considered to be

life long

compared to decades past, older Americans today are more likely to

live alone

The younger a person's biological age, the

longer they are expected to live.

Shelby lives with his older sister and parents. He attends school in his community and relates to friends in school and in his neighborhood. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, this describes his ______.

microsystem

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? (Choose every correct answer.)

microsystem chronosystem macrosystem mesosystem exosystem

According to Bronfenbrenner, the environmental system in which the most direct interaction with social agents takes place is the

microsystem.

As adolescents develop romantic relationships, their time spent with friends may decrease. This is an example of the ______ of development.

multidirectionality

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

organization and adaptation

What are the five stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud?

phallic latency oral anal genital

In lifespan development, which term refers to the capacity for change?

plasticity

The ___ period of development is the time from conception to birth.

prenatal

In Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about 2 to 7 years of age, children are able to represent the world in their minds, but cannot yet mentally represent actions.

preoperational

The periods of development in the human life span are

produced by an interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.

A government's social policy is the course of action taken by the government to

promote the welfare of the country's citizens.

According to Erikson, humans develop in ______ stages.

psychosocial

Which of the following are factors in which ethnicity is rooted? (Choose every correct answer.)

race cultural heritage nationality

What of the following characteristics would be most likely to increase the odds of resilience in children?

relationship with a caring parent

What are some characteristics that tend to increase the odds of resilience?

religious faith higher socioeconomic status self-confidence

The _____ ______ consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.

scientific method

Place the steps of the scientific method in order, with the first step at the top.

see the problem collect data analyze data draw conclusion

One-and-a-half-year-old Isaac is enjoying banging pots with a wooden spoon. He is learning about the world through sight, sound, and motor activities. Which Piagetian stage is he in?

sensorimotor

Piaget's ______ stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the stage in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating physical activities with experiences such as seeing and hearing.

sensorimotor

According to today's psychoanalytic theories, Freud's theory overemphasized

sexual instincts.

Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is ______ in nature, whereas Erikson believed that is was ______.

sexual; social

policy is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.

social

Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory? (Choose every correct answer.)

social interaction culture

According to Vygotsky, which of the following is crucial to children's cognitive development?

social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers

Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are ______ components of life-span development.

sociocultural

True or false: Developmental science is multidisciplinary because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span.

true

True or false: Health and well-being is heavily influenced by lifestyle and psychological state.

true

Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?

trust versus mistrust

By studying life-span development we learn information about ourselves, including which of the following?

who we are how we will age how we came to be this way

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? (select all that apply)

- It involves growth and change. -It occurs throughout life.

Which two of the following facts heighten the concerns over the well-being of older U.S. adults?

-The number of older adults in the United States is growing dramatically -Many of America's older population are going to need society's help.

The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is _____ years.

122

The term toddler is often used to describe a child that is about ______ of age.

18 months to 3 years

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

genes inherited from parents cardiovascular decline weight gain hormonal changes of puberty brain development

The roles that each of the following play in development are debated, EXCEPT

good-evil.

Current health professionals recognize the power of lifestyles and psychological states in individual

health and well-being.

According to Erikson at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?

initiative vs. guilt

Edgar has recently retired and is struggling to come to terms with his new situation. Although he is in good health, he is experiencing a decrease in strength, and this bothers him. In terms of developmental periods, Edgar is in ______ adulthood.

late

Madeline is a 50-year-old woman who has become very active in a number of political and social organizations. She is very passionate about mentoring young people. Madeline is probably in the development period of ______ adulthood.

middle

The ______ period is the developmental period from about 6 to 11 years of age, approximately corresponding to the elementary school years.

middle and late childhood

Julie has mastered the basic skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and very motivated to do well in school. Julie is most likely in the developmental period of

middle childhood.

Development involves the interaction of age, body, mind, emotion, and relationships. These are continually changing and affecting each other. The best way to characterize this is that development is

multidimensional.

The idea that development is ______ refers to the fact that some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink throughout the life span.

multidirectional Reason: This means development is physical, cognitive, and socioemotional.

Development is ______, which means that researchers in many different fields have an interest in understanding the many aspects of development.

multidisciplinary

Development is _______, which means that researchers in many fields share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span.

multidisciplinary

life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life, but do not occur to every individual and do not always influence people in the same way.

non normative

A ______ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group.

normative

Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence is an example of a

normative age-graded influence.

Both individuals and contexts are always changing and are influenced by which of the following?

normative age-graded influences nonnormative life events influences normative history-graded influences

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.

normative history-graded

Freud's five psychosexual stages of development are: , anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

oral

Select all of the following that are a focus of life-span development.

parenting education social policy

Select all of the following that are a focus of life-span development.

parenting social policy education

If two people earn similar incomes and have about the same educational background, they share the same

socioeconomic status.

Select the issues of development among the following.

stability and change nature and nurture continuity and discontinuity

Which of the following contemporary topics is the most recent and has had a dramatic influence at all points in human development?

technology

Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of

the unconscious.

The period of development is a time of transition between infancy and early childhood.

toddler

The term describes someone whose gender identity is different from the one they were assigned at birth.

transgender

True or false: As of 2019, in the United States, there are more people over 60 years of age than under 18 years of age.

true

Which of these would be an example of a cross-cultural study?

A U.S. researcher compares the labor and delivery experiences of women in the United States versus Nigeria.

Which of these illustrates the multidirectional nature of human development?

As children age, they may spend more time playing games with rules, but less time engaging in creative play.

______ age refers to the number of years that one has lived since birth.

Chronological

Which aspects listed are part of the multidimensional characteristic of life-span development?

Cognitive Socioemotional Biological

______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Development

Which of the following are characteristics or components of the late adulthood period of development?

It begins when people are aging into their sixties or seventies. It may involve new social roles and decreasing strength and health. It lasts until death.

Which of the following characterizes the middle adulthood period of development?

It is a period of expanding personal and social involvement, career achievement, and responsibility.

Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development? (Choose every correct answer.)

It is lifelong. It is multidirectional. It is multidimensional.

According to life-span experts, which of the following is true of chronological age?

It is not relevant to the understanding of a person's psychological development.

Melissa is intrigued by how people change from infancy through late adulthood. She would learn about this subject by studying the field of human development called _______ development.

Life Span development

Which of the following are reasons why happiness typically increases as people age?

Older people have more free time. Older people have more satisfying relationships. Older adults tend to be more satisfied with what they have.

Which are possible reasons for the finding that happiness increases as people age? (Choose every correct answer.)

Older people have years of experience in problem-solving. There is less pressure to achieve for older people. Older people have better relationships.

______ status refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

Socioeconomic

True or false: Technology influences human development and is used at all points in human development.

True Reason: The use of technology at all points in human development is recent, dramatic, and almost overwhelming.

The "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______.

a biological and genetic perspective

A central focus in developmental research is plasticity, which refers to ______.

a person's capacity for change

Amanda is engaging in much more logical and abstract thought than she used to, and she has become quite idealistic. She is far more interested in spending time with her friends than with her family. Amanda is most likely in the developmental period of

adolescence.

The ______ period of development is the period of transition from childhood to early adulthood. It begins at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age.

adolescent

The "nurture" portion of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as

an environmental perspective on how people develop.