Ch. 1 Intro to Pathophysiology
Restoration of effective function is the goal of which level of prevention?
tertiary
Reliability
test's ability to give the SAME RESULTS in repeated measurement. ex: MRI can detect smaller masses; better resolution
Statistical normality
est. of diseases in a NORMAL POPULATION, based on a bell-shaped curve
Which term means cause of the disease ?
etiology
Syndrome
a set of signs & symptoms not yet determined to delineate a disease. ex: heart attack: chest pain or radiating pain to left arm
primary
altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons -education, training
What is pathogenesis?
-how the disease develops -initial stimulus- manifestations of disease. Development or evolution of disease, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of disease
Latent period
-s/s temp mild or silent -time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and/or symptoms
Give examples of latrogenic:
1. common pnuemonia- ATB tx- ventilator microbe. 2. long term ATB- diarrhea-Cdiff- disturbing normal flora. 3.schizo- excess dopamine- lowers the dopa level 4. parkinson's no dopamine
What are the 6 risk factors?
1. culture & Ethnicity 2. age 3. sex 4. family history 5. Life style 6. Socioeconomic status
3 types of clinical manifestation
1. symptoms 2. signs 3. syndrome
What general factors affect the expression of disease in a particular person?
Age, gender, genetic and ethnic background, socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations, and geographic location may affect the expression of disease in a particular individual (pgs. 6-9).
The study of specific characteristics and functions of a living organism and its parts is called
physiology
Pandemic disease
spread to LARGE DEMOGRAPHIC area ex: plague, small pox
Epidemic disease
spread to many people at the same time -multiple groups within the same area. ex: cold/flu
Epidemiology
study of the patterns of disease involving populations
Sequela
subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an acute illness -complication that arise
Remission
DECREASE in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured. -no detectible illness -true cure but illness can comeback. ex: MS but med kept from illness
How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response to therapy?
Etiology is the study of the causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury. Pathogenesis is a description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder or disease. An understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of a particular disorder may suggest that certain treatments could be helpful (pgs. 2-3).
Exacerbation
INCREASE in severity, signs/symptoms ex: sick cell anemia w/ extreme pain
What is Etiology categorized into?
Idiopathic & latrogenic
Risk factors examples of culture & ethnicity
Japan food sushi-acidic foods. AA sickle cell anemia. MS- European
Risk factors examples of sex
Male-cancer Female-autoimmune
How are normal and abnormal physiologic parameters defined?
Normal physiologic parameters are defined by measuring a particular variable in the general population, and determining the standard deviation. A normal range is suggested as the mean ±2 standard deviations. Measurements outside of the normal range are considered to be abnormal (pg. 4).
Signs
Objective or OBSERVED manifestation of disease ex: vomitting, bruises, blood
What is pathophysiology?
Pathophysiology is the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings and seeks to reveal physiologic responses of organisms to disruptions in its internal or external environment (pg. 1-2).
Symptoms
SUBJECTIVE feeling or abnormality in the body. ex: nausea, headache
Convalescence
Stage of RECOVERY after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure
What kinds of information about disease can be gained through understanding concepts of epidemiology?
The occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of people or populations are established through epidemiology, which are essential for effective prevention strategies and treatment (pgs. 6).
Which statement is true about the normal biological variations related to age? An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult. Elderly persons have better temperature sensations. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person. There is less thirst perception in the elderly.
There is less thirst perception in the elderly
Which statement is true? Women have a lower hemoglobin level than men. Men have a lower creatinine level than women. Men have a higher calcium level than women. Women snore more than men.
Women have lower hemoglobin level than men
The increase in a normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitudes is referred to as
acclimatization
Risk factors examples of AGE
after age 50 prone to disease
refers to study of the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. is a complex notion because most diseases are multifactorial, resulting from interplay between genetic constitution and environmental influences.
etiology
Idiopathic
cause unknown
What is Etiology?
causes/ reasons behind the disease
describe the signs and symptoms that typically accompany a particular pathophysiologic process. It may vary depending on the stage of the disorder, individual variation, and acuity or chronicity.
clinical manifestation
Validity
degree in which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure. ex:s/s highly suspect cancer-so need to validate
Risk factors examples of lifestyle
diet ex: fast food ( more fats ), exercise (healthy), smoking & drinking
Latrogenic
disease illness result from medically induced
secondary
early detection, screening, and management of disease. -have it then treat it.
What does risk factors mean?
factors risk chances of getting it. part of Etiology. Increases the changes of getting the disease.
Prodromal period
first s/s appear or onset of dse. occurs. ex: diarrhea N/V
Which organ shrinks with age?
gums
latent period example
initial exposure- 1st appearance of 1st s/s. ate potato salad- N/V
When the cause of a disease is due to unintended or unwanted medical treatment, the term to describe this is
latrogenic
Chronic clinical course
may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course. -@ least 3 months -years to develop -slow process -dx: more damage ex: cancer with s/s
Endemic disease
native to LOCAL REGION ex: IN has lots of kidney stone due to limestone in water
refers to the proposed mechanisms whereby an etiologic stimulus leads to typically observed clinical manifestations. describes the direct effects of the initiating event, as well as the usual physiologic responses and compensatory mechanisms
pathogenesis
includes four interrelated topics: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment implications.
pathophysiology
Subclinical stage
patient functions normally; disease processes are well established
Levels of prevention
primary, secondary, and tertiary
Specificity
probability that a test will be NEG. when applied to a person W/O a part. condition
Sensitivity
probability that a test will be POSITIVE when applied to a person w/ a particular condition
Signs and symptoms of a disease first occur during the
prodromal period
tertiary
rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning following disease.
Risk factors examples of family history
runs in the family. ex: Alzheimer's disease. kids predispose to having it too
Risk factors examples of socioeconomic status
sanitation (3rd world countries), Models (anorexia/ bulimia)
Acute clinical course:
short-lived; may have severe manifestation -days to weeks to develop -rapid onset -great deal of rapid destruction ex: cancer with no s/s
Which term is used to describe an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease?
sign
