Ch. 1 Micro
About _____ infections of all types across the world every year. ___ diff microbes cause dieases ___ deaths from infections per year
10 billion 2,000 13 million
What is a helminth?
A parasitic worm
_____ are photosynthetic single-celled or multicellular microorganisms that are often found in aquatic environments.
Algae
Who developed the first single-lens microscope?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Which of the following are prokaryotic microbes?** Plants Fungi Archaea S. aureus Bacteria
Archaea S. aureus Bacteria
Which of the following microorganisms represent prokaryotic cell types?
Bacteria
_____ are small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms
Bacteria
Microorganisms included:
Bacteria viruses fungi protozoa helminths (worms) algae
Which of the following are branches of study in microbiology? Bacteriology Virology Zoology Mycology Immunology
Bacteriology Virology Mycology Immunology
What process is using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem?
Bioremediation
What cellular structure is found in ALL cells?
Cell membrane
What is the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history?
Classification
In the deductive approach to the scientific method, which of the following is the first step?
Constructing a hypothesis to explain what has been observed or measured
Which process is the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things?
Decomposition
List the contributions made by Koch to the development of microbiology?
Developed pure culture methods Identification of the agent responsible for causing anthrax, TB, and cholera. Establishment of a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease.
List levels of classification:
Domain-Archaea, bacteria & Eukarya Kingdom Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus Species
Escherichia coli may be abbreviated to _____.
E. coli
Which type of microorganism possesses a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and undergoes mitotic cell division?
Eukaryotic
True or False: The scientific method takes into account preconceived ideas, such as religion or superstition, of the scientist.
False
True or False: Staphylococcus aureus is the correct way to write this organism's binomial name when used in a scientific journal article.
False Need to be italicized.
Which type of organism can derive all of the nutrients and factors it requires in order to reproduce from the environment?
Free-living organism
Which microorganisms are made up of eukaryotic cells?
Fungi Protozoans algae Helminths
Which term defines the organism in/on which smaller organisms (or viruses) live, feed, and reproduce?
Host
Which term best describes a disease caused by a microorganism?
Infectious
Put these levels of classification in order from most general to most specific. Genus, Species, Kingdom
Kingdom, Genus, Species
Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in the operating room during surgery?
Lister
_____ organisms can be visualized by the naked eye.
Macroscopic
_____ refers to any life forms that cannot be observed easily without magnification, not only those organisms that cause disease.
Microbes
Which of the following are aspects of microbiology that are studied by microbiologists? Microbial genetics Agricultural engineering Horticulture Environment Industrial microbiology
Microbial genetics Environment Industrial microbiology
Which of the following are aspects of microbiology that are studied by microbiologists? Microbial genetics Industrial microbiology Environment Horticulture Agricultural engineering
Microbial genetics Industrial microbiology Environment
_____ is the specific study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
Microbiology
_____ can not be seen with the naked eye
Microorganisms
_____ is the process that uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis
Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus? Archaea Virus Prion Protists Yeast
Protists Yeast *Prions are infectious proteins, not cells, and therefore lack a true nucleus.
Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus?
Protists, Yeast
_____ are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall.
Protozoa
The major types of microorganisms include:
Protozoa, Fungi, Algae, Viruses, Bacteria
Which of the following microorganisms are made up of eukaryotic cells? Archaea Protozoans Bacteria Fungi Helminths Viruses
Protozoans Fungi Helminths
_____ DNA technology is used to switch genetic material from one organism to another in order to produce desirable proteins.
Recombinant
Put these in order by size from largest to smallest. Bacteria Colonial alga Viruses Reproductive structures of mold
Reproductive structures of mold Colonial alga Bacteria Viruses
Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies?
Semmelweis
_____ promoted hand washing before Lister introduced disinfection during surgery.
Semmelweis
Which is correct regarding the capitalization of an organism's name? staphylococcus aureus staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus Aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Actual classification of organisms, not the naming system.
Taxonomy
Which event helped establish the science of microbiology?
The development of the microscope
Which of the following is true about prokaryotic microorganisms? They are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells. They contain a nucleus. They lack cellular organelles. They are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.
They are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells. They lack cellular organelles.
True or False: All prokaryotes are microorganisms, but not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.
True
True or False: If two microbes are of the same genus, they must be in the same class.
True
Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe microscopic organisms? Microorganisms Vertebrates Microbes
Vertebrates
_____ are not cellular (acellular) and are composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
Virus
A good hypothesis must be:
able to be supported or rejected by experimentation
A(n) _____ cell will not contain organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus.
prokaryotic
The binomial system of nomenclature assigns _____ names to each organism.
two
Microorganisms are _____, meaning they are found in all natural habitats as well as in most artificial habitats created by humans.
ubiquitious/free living
_____ is the process by which microbes carry out the decomposition of harmful chemicals. This is the introduction of microbes into the environment to clean up toxic pollutants.
Bioremediation
In the _____ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species names.
binomial
Taxonomy involves _____ and _____ living things.
classifying, naming
Before a hypothesis may be tested using the _____ approach of the scientific method, events that will happen must be predicted by the scientist.
deductive
Eukaryotic organisms are: only single-celled only multicellular either unicellular or multicellular
either unicellular or multicellular
A(n) _____ disease, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is a newly identified infectious disease that is becoming more prominent.
emerging
Genetic _____ is modifying the genetic structure of an organism to create new products.
engineering
Generally, _____ microbes are larger than prokaryotic microbes.
eukaryotic
Which of the following describe fungi? eukaryotic autotrophic prokaryotic unicellular or multicellular always multicellular heterotrophic
eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic
Thinking of the two major cell types in the world: a(n) _____ cell contains organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. However, these organelles are not found in _____ cells.
eukaryotic, prokaryotic
For the organism Escherichia coli, Escherichia represents the _____ level of classification.
genus
In the levels of classification, the level right above species is the _____.
genus
Koch's four postulates are a series of proofs that verified the ___
germ theory
Which of the following describe fungi? unicellular or multicellular autotrophic heterotrophic always multicellular eukaryotic prokaryotic
heterotrophic eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular
A protozoan lives and reproduces inside of a human red blood cell. In this case, the human is an example of a(n) _____.
host
A(n) _____ is a tentative explanation of an observation.
hypothesis
Use of a laboratory test to determine the fermentation capabilities of a microbial species is part of the process known as _____.
identification
In the Whittaker system, the most inclusive level of classification is the _____.
kingdom
All members of the same phylum must also be members of the same _____.
kingdom *Members of a higher taxonomic level may not be in the same lower taxonomic level.
The germ theory of disease has been so thoroughly tested that it has become a _____ or principle.
law
When organisms are visible to the naked eye, they are called _____.
macroscopic
All cells contain a cell _____.
membrane
The unit of measurement for most bacterial cells is _____ and most viruses is _____.
micrometers; nanometers
"Microbes" and "_____" are terms that can be used interchangeably.
microorganisms
"The germ theory" of disease stated that:
microorganisms could cause infection and disease
Organisms that are only visible with the aid of a microscope are:
microscopic
Organisms that are only visible with the aid of a microscope are referred to as _____.
microscopic organisms
Microbiology has many branches of study; _____ is the detailed study of fungi, whereas _____ is the study of the body's defenses to infection.
mycology, immunology
The process of assigning names to the various taxonomic rankings of a microbial species is knows as:
nomenclature
A(n) _____ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of a eukaryotic cell.
organelle
Small, membrane-bound components found inside of an eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as:
organelles
A microbial pathogen is considered a(n) _____ because it derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process
parasite
A(n) _____ derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process.
parasite
A(n) _____ is the term used for ANY disease-causing microorganism.
pathogen
Microorganisms account for about 50% of the earth's _____, which is the conversion of light energy from the sun into organic molecules.
photosynthesis
A microorganism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles, and divides by binary fission is correctly termed a _____.
prokaryote
All _____ are microorganisms, but not all _____ are microorganisms. eukaryotes; prokaryotes prokaryotes; eukaryotes
prokaryotes; eukaryotes
The technology that is used to alter DNA and switch genetic material from one organism to another is know as:
recombinant DNA technology
A disease that has been known for hundreds of years and that is increasing in occurrence is known as a(n) _____ disease.
reemerging
For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the _____ level of classification.
species
In both classification systems, the _____ is the most specific level of organization and is immediately under the genus.
species
The level of classification directly under the genus is the _____. kingdom order family species
species
An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as _____.
sterile
A scientific _____ is a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event. (Hypothesis can turn into this.)
theory
True or False: If two microbes are in the same family, they must be the same species.
False Species is a more specific level of classification than family, therefore, not every species will be part of the same family.
