Ch. 1: What Is Psychology? TopHat
Where was the first psychology laboratory founded? A) The University of Leipzig B) Cornell University C) Vienna, Austria D) The University of Chicago
A) The University of Leipzig
What is clinical psychology? A) a form of applied psychology B) focused only on the treatment of severe mental illness C) practiced primarily by medical doctors D) a pseudoscientific discipline
A) a form of applied psychology
Because the study of psychology is empirical, the field does which of the following? A) arrives at conclusions through observation and analysis B) arrives at conclusions through intuitive understanding C) arrives at conclusions through logic and reason alone D) cannot arrive at conclusions, as the mind is unknowable
A) arrives at conclusions through observation and analysis
Basic research is primarily concerned with what types of issues? A) discovering basic principles of behavior and mind B) treatment of psychological disorders C) applying psychological principles to the world at large D) doing social work with undeserved populations
A) discovering basic principles of behavior and mind
Early work on cultural influences on psychological processes focused on which of the following? A) discovering underlying "universals" cross-culturally B) comparing and contrasting Eastern and Western cultures to discover how they are fundamentally different from each other C) investigating intersections of different identities D) describing the effects of cultural expectations on gender roles
A) discovering underlying "universals" cross-culturally
Aristotle's idea regarding the mind as tabula rasa is most similar to _______. A) empiricism B) nativism C) dualism D) biological determinism
A) empiricism
Which influence would we most likely be studying if we tried to understand how a "sense of fairness" developed in humans compared to capuchin monkeys? A) evolutionary influences B) cultural influences C) biological influences D) cognitive influences
A) evolutionary influences
Functional explanations describe ______________, while process-oriented explanations describe ______________. A) specific proximate causes; specific proximate mechanisms B) ultimate causes; specific proximate problems C) specific proximate causes; ultimate causes D) none of these
A) specific proximate causes; specific proximate mechanisms
Wilhelm Wundt was a __________. A) structuralist B) functionalist C) behaviorist D) humanist
A) structuralist
Which method did Edward Titchener use to understand the mind? A) systematic introspection B) behavioral modification C) psychoanalysis D) person-centered therapy
A) systematic introspection
Aristotle believed the mind was like a wax board upon which our experiences are written. What is the term for this idea? A) tabula rasa B) haly abbas C) de anima D) psyche
A) tabula rasa
Psychoanalysis is Freud's system for: A) tapping into the contents of the unconscious mind B) allowing people to gain insight into their unconscious mind C) helping people learn to lead healthier mental lives
A) tapping into the contents of the unconscious mind B) allowing people to gain insight into their unconscious mind
The computer and other technologies helped lead to which of the following? A) the cognitive revolution B) the structuralist perspective C) advances in positive psychology D) better understanding of cultural influences in psychology
A) the cognitive revolution
Steven Pinker explains that what device was instrumental in reshaping understanding of the mind? A) the computer B) cerebral angiography C) radioactive neuroimaging devices D) space shuttles
A) the computer
Psychologists studying cognitive influences on psychology typically investigate which of the following? A) the role of information processing on a problem or situation B) the role of brain structures on a problem or situation C) the role of upbringing on a problem or situation D) the role of adaptations to solve a problem or situation
A) the role of information processing on a problem or situation
Which principle describes the fact that in order for selection to occur, there must be different physical traits present in the population? A) variations in phenotypes B) heritability C) the "struggle for existence" D) variations in survival and reproduction
A) variations in phenotypes
The functionalist movement in psychology began in: A) Austria B) North America C) Germany D) the United Kingdom
B) North America
Who is considered the "father of modern psychology"? A) Sigmund Freud B) Wilhelm Wundt C) James Watson D) William James
B) Wilhelm Wundt
Ronan is studying the emotion of disgust. Which of the following is the correct matchup between types of behavior and appropriate inferences about the mind? A) the feeling of disgust is a behavior; based on this behavior, Ronan infers that the person he is watching is making a "yuck" face B) a "yuck" face is a behavior; based on this behavior, Ronan infers that the person he is watching feels disgusted C) Ronan's own feeling of disgust is a behavior; based on his own behavior, Ronan infers that the person he is watching feels disgust also D) Ronan's own "yuck" face is a behavior; based on his own behavior, Ronan infers that the person he is watching feels disgust also
B) a "yuck" face is a behavior; based on this behavior, Ronan infers that the person he is watching feels disgusted
Which of these is basic research? A) searching for a cure for depression B) attempting to understand the causes of depression C) looking for a better anti-depressant drug D) testing out a new therapy to combat depression
B) attempting to understand the causes of depression
Translational research can be thought of as the bridge between what and what? A) applied research and applied practice B) basic research and applied practice C) basic research and clinical research D) applied research and clinical practice
B) basic research and applied practice
What is the primary difference between clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists? A) clinical psychologists tend to deal with ongoing problems, while counseling psychologists deal with more severe issues B) counseling psychologists tend to deal with ongoing problems, while clinical psychologists deal with more severe issues C) clinical psychologists cannot prescribe medication, while counseling psychologists can D) counseling psychologists cannot prescribe medication, while clinical psychologists can
B) counseling psychologists tend to deal with ongoing problems, while clinical psychologists deal with more severe issues
Dr. Jenkins has people visit her in her office to discuss their problems, such as adjusting to college life, dealing with a tough break-up, or struggling with sadness. What type of psychology would you say Dr. Jenkins does? Is it research or practice? A) clinical; research B) counseling; practice C) clinical; practice D) abnormal; research
B) counseling; practice
Which influence would we most likely be studying if we tried to understand whether different groups of the same species of monkey had different rules regarding what was fair? A) evolutionary influences B) cultural influences C) biological influences D) cognitive influences
B) cultural influences
ultimate explanations require an appeal to what? A) cognitive processes B) evolutionary theory C) cultural influences D) proximate causes
B) evolutionary theory
Which principle describes the fact that a trait must be able to be passed down from one generation to the next in order for it to be selected? A) variations in phenotypes B) heritability C) the "struggle for existence" D) variations in survival and reproduction
B) heritability
Positive psychologists focus on which of the following? A) how to treat psychological disorders B) improving human functioning and the positive side of human nature C) the positive aspects of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis D) making clients feel at ease and putting the client at the center of the therapeutic experience
B) improving human functioning and the positive side of human nature
Evolutionary psychologists' claims are often difficult to verify because of which of the following reasons? A) their claims rely on experimental evidence B) it is difficult to know exactly what happened over the course of evolutionary history C) their claims are non-scientific D) it is difficult to know the difference between and ultimate and a proximate explanation
B) it is difficult to know exactly what happened over the course of evolutionary history
Which of these is evidence for a nativist stance regarding knowledge? A) perceptual illusions can be overcome with knowledge B) some perceptual illusions are not the result of experience C) people learn new information through experience D) people are entirely driven by responses to stimuli
B) some perceptual illusions are not the result of experience
What is the primary difference between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists? A) the ability to treat mental illness B) the kinds of training they receive C) their fields of study D) the kinds of mental illness they treat
B) the kinds of training they receive
Modern psychologists would reject which of the following statements? A) cultural factors play a significant role in how behaviors develop B) the mind is fundamentally distinct from the brain C) evolutionary history can be informative when considering how the brain operates D) brain scans such as fMRIs and PET are useful tools in psychological research
B) the mind is fundamentally distinct from the brain
What does the Greek root-word "psyche" mean, in terms of psychology ? A) "mind" / "health" B) "mood" / "energy" C) "breath" / "spirit" D) "courage" / "lungs"
C) "breath" / "spirit"
Which of the following people is likely NOT investigating or working with a topic in psychology, based on the description above? A) A therapist working with her client. B) A scientist studying the swimming behavior of mice. C) An astronomer measuring the movement of Venus across the sky. D) An anatomist investigating what he believes to be the vision center of the brain.
C) An astronomer measuring the movement of Venus across the sky.
Early functionalists were heavily influenced by which of the following? A) Aristotle's concept of the blank slate B) Descartes' concept of dualism C) Darwin's evolutionary theory D) Phrenologists' work on the skull
C) Darwin's evolutionary theory
Melanie works for a toy company that is designing a children's toy that should optimize the educational aspect of playtime based on data collected by other psychologists. Melanie most likely works in ________. A) basic research B) applied psychology - research C) applied psychology - practice D) clinical psychology - research E) clinical psychology - practice
C) applied psychology - practice
B.F. Skinner was a _______. A) structuralist B) functionalist C) behaviorist D) humanist
C) behaviorist
If you believe that the cause of the change in behavior is primarily the simple fact that the physiology of children's brains and different areas of processing need time to develop and grow before they can understand conservation, which influence do you think is most likely responsible? A) evolutionary B) cultural C) biological D) cognitive
C) biological
Which influence would we most likely be studying if we tried to understand the hormones and neurons involved in activating a "sense of fairness"? A) evolutionary influences B) cultural influences C) biological influences D) cognitive influences
C) biological influences
Natural selection requires that which of the following is true? A) the mind is treated as a blank slate, with all learning done through experience B) all traits are equally adaptive C) different traits lead to different outcomes in terms of survival and reproduction success D) individuals are not different in terms of their habits
C) different traits lead to different outcomes in terms of survival and reproduction success
Evidence that the Ponzo illusion exists even in newly-sighted people demonstrates that which of the following is true? A) not all knowledge is native B) all knowledge is native C) not all knowledge is a result of experience D) all knowledge is a result of experience
C) not all knowledge is a result of experience
To what level of explanation do biological influences on psychology generally point? A) ultimate B) functional C) process-oriented D) low-level
C) process-oriented
What was the fundamental disagreement between psychoanalysts and the humanists? A) the role of outside influences on mental illness B) the biological basis of mental illness C) the capacity for free will and change D) the techniques used by Freud
C) the capacity for free will and change
What is biological determinism? A) the idea that biology does not determine how behavior manifests B) the idea that biology partially determines how behavior manifests C) the idea that biology entirely determines how behavior manifests D) none of these
C) the idea that biology entirely determines how behavior manifests
One of Freud's signature influences on the history of clinical psychology was his emphasis on _________. A) ultimate explanations B) neuroscientific techniques C) the unconscious mind D) mental illness
C) the unconscious mind
An intersectional approach looks at _________. A) the unique experiences that people of color have B) the commonalities shared by all minority groups C) the unique experiences that result from having multiple identities D) the commonalities shared by minority and majority groups
C) the unique experiences that result from having multiple identities
Psychologists use the term behavior to refer to which of the following? A) only to personally observable actions, such as a verbal response or physical movement B) only to physiological processes, such as the electrochemical activity of brain cells C) to anything that can be observed and measured in a systematic way D) to anything people or animals experience mentally
C) to anything that can be observed and measured in a systematic way
The primary goal of structuralism is which of the following? A) to break down behaviors into the smallest units possible B) to understand the relationship between structures of the brain and their functions C) to break down conscious experience into its most basic parts D) to scientifically study people's reactions to stimuli
C) to break down conscious experience into its most basic parts
Most modern psychologists would agree that which of the following is true? A) understanding the neural underpinnings of behavior is not particularly relevant to psychology B) cultural factors do not contribute to any unique differences across groups of people C) we can infer what goes on inside the mind based on behavioral observations D) genetics contribute little to the development of behavior
C) we can infer what goes on inside the mind based on behavioral observations
Which pairing of famous psychologist and historical theory of psychology is incorrect? A) John Watson - behaviorism B) William James - functionalism C) Edward Titchener - structuralism D) Abraham Maslow - psychoanalysis
D) Abraham Maslow - psychoanalysis
The humanist movement in clinical psychology was largely a reaction to ___________. A) Wundt's structuralism B) James' functionalism C) Watson's behaviorism D) Freud's psychoanalysis
D) Freud's psychoanalysis
Which type of degree program focuses primarily on the practice of clinical psychology? A) Ph.D B) Ed.D C) M.D. D) Psy. D
D) Psy. D
Who is considered the "father of American psychology"? A) Sigmund Freud B) Wilhelm Wundt C) James Watson D) William James
D) William James
If you believe that the cause of the change in behavior is primarily a result of how children's mental processes are organized, which influence do you think is most likely responsible? A) evolutionary B) cultural C) biological D) cognitive
D) cognitive
What kind of approach emphasizes how multiple social identities intersect at the level of the individual person to alter their experiences? A) feminist approaches to psychology B) evolutionary approaches to psychology C) biological approaches to psychology D) intersectional approaches to psychology
D) intersectional approaches to psychology
Order the movements in the scientific study of psychology chronologically. A) structuralism; functionalism; the cognitive revolution; behaviorism B) functionalism; behaviorism; structuralism; the cognitive revolution C) the cognitive revolution; functionalism; structuralism; behaviorism D) structuralism; functionalism; behaviorism, the cognitive revolution
D) structuralism; functionalism; behaviorism, the cognitive revolution
Human psychology is focused largely on what? A) the darker aspects of human nature B) treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis C) human functioning in traumatic circumstances D) the ability of people to grow and change
D) the ability of people to grow and change
Which of these was not a factor in the rise of behaviorism? A) increasing skepticism regarding systematic introspection B) a rise in work done studying animal behavior C) John B. Watson's efforts to popularize the movement D) the advent of World War I
D) the advent of World War I
Which of these does not illustrate how people tend to be intuitive dualists? A) the idea of an "out-of-body" experience B) a movie in which two characters switch bodies C) Kafka's Metamorphosis in which a character goes to sleep and wakes up as a cockroach D) the belief that people continue to exist when we are not looking at them
D) the belief that people continue to exist when we are not looking at them
Which of the following is not an example of "behavior" as defined by psychologists? A) electrical impulses in the brain B) the speed at which a rat navigates a maze C) a person's response to a question D) the subjective emotions someone feels
D) the subjective emotions someone feels
From where did Freud believe psychological problems originate? A) the nervous system B) an imbalance in bodily humors C) our failure to face reality D) the unconscious mind
D) the unconscious mind
Ar'Reon is studying the sense of taste by training individuals to be able to accurately report their thoughts, feelings, and sensations. He uses these self-reports to construct a model of the components of taste. Ar'Reon is using what technique and is a follower of what classic movement in psychology? A) psychoanalysis, behaviorism B) psychoanalysis, functionalism C) psychoanalysis, structuralism D) systematic introspection, behaviorism E) systematic introspection, functionalism F) systematic introspection, structuralism
F) systematic introspection, structuralism
Basic research is to ________ as applied research is to ________.
causes; solutions
Nativism is best contrasted with ________.
empiricism
true or false: most of the discoveries made by behaviorist psychologists are considered no longer valid today.
false
true or false: most research in psychology is done with clinical or special populations, such as prisoners
false
true or false: psychologists are only qualified to do either basic or applied research; few do both.
false
A ______________ describes one's genetic structure, while a ______________ describes one's physical traits.
genotype; phenotype
Dualism is the belief that ______________ and body are separate.
mind
Psychology is often considered the union of what two fields?
physiology and philosophy
