Ch. 10: Articulations

Ball-and-Socket

A spherical head fits into a concave socket; multiaxial. Ex. Hip joint, shoulder joint.

Condylar

Biaxial; oval, convex and concave.

Symphysis

Bone connected to bone by fibrocartilage; slightly movable joint. Ex. Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.

Synchondrosis

Bone connected to bone by hyaline cartilage; immovable joints. Ex. Sternocostal joints, epiphyseal plates.

Ball-and-Socket

Multiaxial; head fits into a socket.

Saddle

Multiaxial; resembles the shape of a saddle.

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly mobile joint. Ex. Pubic symphysis.

Suture

Found exclusively between skull bones; consists of a small amount of connective tissue (the sutural ligament) holding the bone surfaces together; immovable joint. Ex. Lambdoid suture, sagittal suture.

Radioulnar Joint.

Give an example of a syndesmosis joint.

Synovial Joint

Have a complex structure that includes a joint cavity filled with fluid.

decreases

Synovial fluid ______________ friction in a joint.

Plane

Uniaxial; two flat surfaces.

Cartilaginous, Fibrous, Synovial

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

Pivot

A round surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and a depression in another bone; uniaxial. Ex. Atlantoaxial joint.

Synovial Cavity

A cavity within the joint that is lined by a synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid.

Condylar

A convex oval surface fits into an elliptical concavity; biaxial. Ex. Radiocarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints.

Hinge

A convex surface fits into a concave surface; uniaxial. Ex. Knee joint, elbow joint.

Lateral Meniscus

A crescent-shaped pad of fibrocartilage located between the lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral condyle of the tibia.

Medial Meniscus

A crescent-shaped pad of fibrocartilage located between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia.

Diarthrosis

A freely mobile joint. Ex. All synovial joints.

Antagonist

A muscle action opposes the action of the agonist.

Agonist

A muscle that causes the given action about a joint; also called prime mover.

Synovial Fluid

A viscous, oily fluid located within the synovial joint; functions as a lubricant to nourish the articular cartilage and as a shock absorber.

Synarthrosis

An immobile joint. Ex. Skull suture and tooth gomphosis.

Saddle

Both bones have a concave and convex surface with the bones positioned at right angles to each other; biaxial. Ex. Carpometacarpl joint of the thumb, ankle joint, calcaneocuboid joint.

Cartilaginous Joint

Characterized by having no joint cavity. Cartilage connects the neighboring bones. Classified based on the type of cartilage found in the joint. Synchondroses are composed of hyaline cartilage, and symphyses is composed of fibrocartilage.

Fibrous Joint

Characterized by having no joint cavity. Fibrous connective tissue binds the neighboring bones. Classified into two types that are immovable (gomphoses and sutures) and one that is slightly movable (syndesmoses).

Synovial Membrane

Composed primarily of areolar connective tissue that forms the inner lining of the articular capsule and covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage; responsible for the formation of synovial fluid.

Fibular Collateral Ligament

Connects femur to fibula.

Tibial Collateral Ligament

Connects medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial surface of the tibia.

Patellar Ligament

Connects patella to tibial tuberosity.

Quadriceps Femoris Tendon

Connects the quadriceps femoris muscle to the patella.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Connects the tibia to femur. (Anterior)

Posterior Cruciate Ligament.

Connects tibia to femur (Posterior)

Articular Capsule

Consists of 2 layers; an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane.

Gomphosis

Consists of a cone-shaped peg fitting into a socket and anchored by the periodontal membrane; immovable joint. Ex. Teeth articulating with alveolar processes of mandible or maxilla.

Syndesmosis

Consists of large surfaces of bones that are anchored together by a connective tissue membrane called an interosseous membrane; slightly movable. Ex. Distal radioulnar joint, distal tibiofibular joint.

Meniscus

Crescent-shaped pad of fibrocartilage found within the joint.

Fibrous Layer

Dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the periosteum of the two articulating bones to each other; thickenings of the fibrous capsule form several joint ligaments.

Articular Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage found on the ends of long bones.

Articular Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage found on the epiphyses of the articulating bones.

Synovial Membrane

Lining within the joint.

Suprapatellar Bursa

Located between the distal femur and the quadriceps femoris tendon.

Prepatellar Bursa

Located between the patella and the overlying skin.

Infrapatellar Bursa

Located between the proximal tibia and the patellar ligament.

Synovial Fluid

Slippery fluid containing hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins.

Bursa

Small, round sac filled with fluid.

Arthrology

Study of joints.

fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage

Symphysis joints consist of bones connected to bone by ____________________, whereas synchondrosis joints consist of bones connected by _______________________.

Hinge

The knee joint is an example of a ___________ joint.

direct, decrease

There is a ________________ relationship between mobility and stability of a joint. Therefore, an increase in mobility leads to a ______________ in stability of the joint.

Plane

Two flat surfaces come together; uniaxial. Ex. Intertarsal joints, intercarpal joints.

Hinge

Uniaxial; convex and concave surfaces.

Pivot

Uniaxial; round surface in a ring.

Articulation

Wherever one bone comes together with another bone.