Ch. 10: Articulations
Ball-and-Socket
A spherical head fits into a concave socket; multiaxial. Ex. Hip joint, shoulder joint.
Condylar
Biaxial; oval, convex and concave.
Symphysis
Bone connected to bone by fibrocartilage; slightly movable joint. Ex. Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.
Synchondrosis
Bone connected to bone by hyaline cartilage; immovable joints. Ex. Sternocostal joints, epiphyseal plates.
Ball-and-Socket
Multiaxial; head fits into a socket.
Saddle
Multiaxial; resembles the shape of a saddle.
Amphiarthrosis
A slightly mobile joint. Ex. Pubic symphysis.
Suture
Found exclusively between skull bones; consists of a small amount of connective tissue (the sutural ligament) holding the bone surfaces together; immovable joint. Ex. Lambdoid suture, sagittal suture.
Radioulnar Joint.
Give an example of a syndesmosis joint.
Synovial Joint
Have a complex structure that includes a joint cavity filled with fluid.
decreases
Synovial fluid ______________ friction in a joint.
Plane
Uniaxial; two flat surfaces.
Cartilaginous, Fibrous, Synovial
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
Pivot
A round surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and a depression in another bone; uniaxial. Ex. Atlantoaxial joint.
Synovial Cavity
A cavity within the joint that is lined by a synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid.
Condylar
A convex oval surface fits into an elliptical concavity; biaxial. Ex. Radiocarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints.
Hinge
A convex surface fits into a concave surface; uniaxial. Ex. Knee joint, elbow joint.
Lateral Meniscus
A crescent-shaped pad of fibrocartilage located between the lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral condyle of the tibia.
Medial Meniscus
A crescent-shaped pad of fibrocartilage located between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia.
Diarthrosis
A freely mobile joint. Ex. All synovial joints.
Antagonist
A muscle action opposes the action of the agonist.
Agonist
A muscle that causes the given action about a joint; also called prime mover.
Synovial Fluid
A viscous, oily fluid located within the synovial joint; functions as a lubricant to nourish the articular cartilage and as a shock absorber.
Synarthrosis
An immobile joint. Ex. Skull suture and tooth gomphosis.
Saddle
Both bones have a concave and convex surface with the bones positioned at right angles to each other; biaxial. Ex. Carpometacarpl joint of the thumb, ankle joint, calcaneocuboid joint.
Cartilaginous Joint
Characterized by having no joint cavity. Cartilage connects the neighboring bones. Classified based on the type of cartilage found in the joint. Synchondroses are composed of hyaline cartilage, and symphyses is composed of fibrocartilage.
Fibrous Joint
Characterized by having no joint cavity. Fibrous connective tissue binds the neighboring bones. Classified into two types that are immovable (gomphoses and sutures) and one that is slightly movable (syndesmoses).
Synovial Membrane
Composed primarily of areolar connective tissue that forms the inner lining of the articular capsule and covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage; responsible for the formation of synovial fluid.
Fibular Collateral Ligament
Connects femur to fibula.
Tibial Collateral Ligament
Connects medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial surface of the tibia.
Patellar Ligament
Connects patella to tibial tuberosity.
Quadriceps Femoris Tendon
Connects the quadriceps femoris muscle to the patella.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Connects the tibia to femur. (Anterior)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament.
Connects tibia to femur (Posterior)
Articular Capsule
Consists of 2 layers; an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane.
Gomphosis
Consists of a cone-shaped peg fitting into a socket and anchored by the periodontal membrane; immovable joint. Ex. Teeth articulating with alveolar processes of mandible or maxilla.
Syndesmosis
Consists of large surfaces of bones that are anchored together by a connective tissue membrane called an interosseous membrane; slightly movable. Ex. Distal radioulnar joint, distal tibiofibular joint.
Meniscus
Crescent-shaped pad of fibrocartilage found within the joint.
Fibrous Layer
Dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the periosteum of the two articulating bones to each other; thickenings of the fibrous capsule form several joint ligaments.
Articular Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage found on the ends of long bones.
Articular Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage found on the epiphyses of the articulating bones.
Synovial Membrane
Lining within the joint.
Suprapatellar Bursa
Located between the distal femur and the quadriceps femoris tendon.
Prepatellar Bursa
Located between the patella and the overlying skin.
Infrapatellar Bursa
Located between the proximal tibia and the patellar ligament.
Synovial Fluid
Slippery fluid containing hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins.
Bursa
Small, round sac filled with fluid.
Arthrology
Study of joints.
fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage
Symphysis joints consist of bones connected to bone by ____________________, whereas synchondrosis joints consist of bones connected by _______________________.
Hinge
The knee joint is an example of a ___________ joint.
direct, decrease
There is a ________________ relationship between mobility and stability of a joint. Therefore, an increase in mobility leads to a ______________ in stability of the joint.
Plane
Two flat surfaces come together; uniaxial. Ex. Intertarsal joints, intercarpal joints.
Hinge
Uniaxial; convex and concave surfaces.
Pivot
Uniaxial; round surface in a ring.
Articulation
Wherever one bone comes together with another bone.
