CH 10 energy balance and weight control

sedentary

doing or requiring a lot of sitting

Total body fat

essential fat and adipose tissue

To lose 1lb weight

(___kcal/day * 365= ___ kcal)

satiety

feeling of fullness -satisfied

female athlete triad

females who participate in extracurriculars are components of : -low energy availability -menstrual disturbances that often include loss of menstrual cycles -reduced bone mineral density that leads to osteoporosis sometimes

night eating syndrome

food binges that are not followed by purging; binges take place after the evening meal and when the person wakens from sleep during the night

BMI greater than 25

have increased risk of diabetes, hypertension and CVD

leptin

hormone released by the adipose tissue to reduce hunger and inhibit fat storage

cholecystokinin

hormone released by the small intestine that stimulates the brain to suppress appetite

most frequently cited reason for weight loss?

medical reasons

principles of behavior ___ are critical components of weight reduction and maintenance

modifications -identify eating cues and "problem" habits and develop ways to change the behaviors.

an unhealthy preoccupation with the body not being sufficiently muscular is called

muscle dysmorphia -this is almost exclusive in men and is common among body builders. More than 50% of men w it have used anaerobic steroids to help gain weight and increase muscle size

when energy input is less than energy output the person is in ___ energy balance

negative -THIS MEANS THE PERSON IS LOSING WEIGHT

what race is obesity most prevalent?

non-Hispanic black and Mexican-american adults, particularly among non-Hispanic black women.

According to the national heart, lung and blood institute, ______ refers to having extra body weight that is contributed by bone, muscle, body fat and/or body water.

overweight

set point theory

people who intentionally lose weight regain it over time. According to this theory the body's fat content is genetically predetermined.

when energy input is greater than energy output the person is in ___ energy balance

positive energy balance -this is necessary for pregnant women, because extra calories are needed to add new tissues that support the pregnancy. -It also occurs during periods of growth , such as during fetal development, infancy, childhood, and adolescence

Hyperthyroidism

produces too much thyroid hormone. As a result, this person has a higher-than-normal metabolic rate. -signs include feeling warm, sweaty, nervous, and restless.

resting metabolic rate

refers to the body's rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating -a persons RMR is slightly higher than his/her BMR

skin fold caliper

skin fold measurement -measures are taken on subcutaneous fat (fat just below surface of skin)

NEAT- (Nonexercise activity thermogenesis)

the ability of humans regulate body temperature within narrow limits as in fidgeting and shivering is termed:

thermic effect of foods

the energy needed to digest foods and beverages as well as absorb and further process macro nutrients. -It takes 5-10% of total caloric intake

fat free mass

the nonfat component of the human body, consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, and water LEAN TISSUES

Bassal Metabolic rate

-A major factor in this is: -body composition; lean body mass is more metabolically active than fat tissue -sex; males have higher metabolic rates because they tend to have more lean body mass -body surface area; taller person that weighs 150 lns has higher metabolic rate than a shorter person who weighs 150 lbs. why? the body constantly loses energy in the form of heat that moves to the skins surface and then into the environment

Subcutaneous fat and visceral fat

tissue that holds skin in place over underlying tissues such as muscles. -Sub tissue also contains adipose cells, and when it has more adipose cells than other kinds of cells its referred to as SUBCUTANEOUS -this fat is unevenly distributed -it is thicker in certain areas of men's and women's bodies especially in abdominal areas, thighs, and booties

what doesnt treat obesity?

using diet pills

Essential fat

vital for survival,

thrifty metabolism

A genetic tendency toward efficient use of energy that results in below-average energy requirements and increased storage of calories as fat -in modern societies, high class societies where food was available 24/7 starvation was unlikely, as a result thrifty metabolisms are no longer beneficial as they cause excess body fat which often results in serious health problems -f you have a thrifty metabolism you will gain weight easily

_______ over the counter version of orlistat, a weight loss medication that blocks digestion of fat inside of the small intestine

Alli -a weight- loss aid for adults

bio-electric impedance

Measurement of speed of low voltage electrical current through the body

Obesity

a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat. -greater risk for serious chronic health conditions and diseases than people who have healthy body weights.

atkins diet

a diet high in protein and fat and low in carbohydrates, prescribed for weight loss.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

a numerical value based on the relationship between body weight and risk of chronic health problems associated with excess body fat. -downside of using BMI on healthy weight individuals; -is not accurate for higher muscular people -does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass

Bulimia nervosa

a severe psychological condition characterized by repeating episodes of binge eating followed by purging

special compounds captures from foods that releases energy

adenosine triphosphate

cells that specialize in storing fat

adipose tissue

bod pod

air displacement method

basal metabolism

amount of energy required to carry out involuntary activities of the body at rest it is the minimal # of calories the body uses for vital physiological activities and resting for 12 hrs. -its functions include breathing, kidney function, brain function, blood circulation... EVERYTHING that keeps us alive -it accounts for 60-75% of the bodys total energy use

BOD POD

an example of air displacement

Self imposed starvation is

anorexia nervosa

The reasonable number of calories consumed by WOMEN wanting to lose weight should range from ___ kcal/day

1200-1500 kcal

subcutaneous fat located below the waist is associated with?

-adds stress to hip joints and knees -NOT ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF MORE SERIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS TYPE 2 -occurs more in women

energy requirements are satisfied by:

-carbs -protein -fat

successful strategies for weight loss

-decreased calorie intake -behavior modification -increased physical activity

what are critical components of weight reduction and maintenance ?

-increase physical activity levels -controlling caloric intake -no need to limit intake -they do not need to exercise excessively -

just losing 5-10% of excess body fat has been linked to

-increases beneficial high-density lipoprotein levels (HDL cholesterol), reduce elevated blood pressure and triglyceride levels, and improved glucose tolerance

teens with eating disorders think their parents are

-less affectionate -controlling

low saturated fat foods recommended for weight gain include

-nuts -granola

components of energy output

-physical activity -metabolism -digestion

Thyroid

-regulates the body's metabolism

Anorexia nervosa results in

-severe psychological disturbance characterized by self-imposed starvation -malnutrition -very low body weight -BMI of 18.5 is the lowest limit of what is generally considered normal or healthy body weight for adults

Thrifty Metabolism Theory

-stores fat more readily -built-in safegaurd against starvation

energy output

-the term used to describe the calories that cells use to perform their activities

low saturated fat

1 gram or less saturated fat and less than 0.5 gram of trans fat per serving.

The reasonable number of calories consumed by MEN wanting to lose weight should range from ___ kcal/day

1500- 1800 kcal

what does a pound of fat contain?

3500 KCAL

how long should you exercise every day?

60 minutes

Hypothyroidism

A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal -leaves a person feeling cold, lacking energy and interest in usual activities, being constipated and gaining weight easily. -treatment generally includes medication that contains a form of thyroid hormone

both __G_ (nature) and the __E_ (nurture) interact to the influence a person's risk of becoming overweight.

GENETICS ENVIRONMENT

ghrelin

Hormone released by stomach that stimulates eating

What regulates eating behaviors?

Hunger and satiety

Adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat. -when the body needs energy, adipose cells release fat for the other cells to use as fuel. As each cell loses some fat, it becomes smaller. If adipose cells continue to release fat, the body eventually loses weight as a result. -adipose cells also secrete numerous proteins, which have roles in regulating food intake, glucose metabolism and immune responses.

binge eating disorder

binge eating not associated with purging behaviors

energy intake

calories from foods and beverages that contain macronutrients and alcohol (ethanol)

disordered eating

chaotic and abnormal food-related practices -caused by stress or desire to modify the diet for appearance reasons -AN and BN

Underwater weighing

compares a persons weight on land to his/her weight when completely submerged in a tank of water -lean tissue is denser than water; fat tissue is not as dense as water.

Central-body obesity

condition characterized by having a large amount of visceral fat and an "apple" shape -spreads beyond buttocks and thighs