Ch 10 Inquisitive Bio

Place the following images, representing steps of transcription, in order from earliest to latest in the process.

Circle thingy at the beginning of the strand/process. Circle thingy in the middle of the process & a red wiggly strands comes in Circle thingy at the end is off the strand/process

For the following partial beginning of the coding region of an mRNA sequence, use the genetic code table below to determine the effects of the bolded, underlined U being mutated to C. Then answer the question below. 5'-AUG UCU CCU CAA Based on this mutation, which of the following statements is correct?

Correct Answer(s) Due to redundancy in the genetic code, a change in the third nucleotide of a codon often leads to no change in the amino acid sequence. If the U is mutated to C, the mRNA will still encode for the amino acid proline. Incorrect Answer(s) If the U is mutated to C, the mRNA will now encode for a stop codon. Nearly all changes to a nucleotide sequence will lead to a significant adverse impact on the amino acid sequence.

Which of the following is a way that gene expression is regulated in a cell?

Correct Answer(s) controlling protein breakdown controlling transcription controlling translation

Which of the following is a likely result outcome of the introduction of a mutation into a gene responsible for making protein X?

Correct: change in shape of the gene's protein change in the sequence of the gene's mRNA change in the sequence of the gene's protein Incorrect: A mutation in other genes that regulate protein X production.

Which of the following organisms uses the genetic code to translate mRNA sequences into protein sequences?

Correct: Bacteria Humans Pine trees Spiders Incorrect: 0

What is the sequence of the protein translated from the mRNA sequence below? Be sure to consider that translation always begins with a very specific codon. UGGAUGACAUGAACA (AUG)

Met-Thr

What should be the second amino acid in the protein translated from the mRNA sequence below? Be sure to consider that translation always begins with a very specific codon. AGGAUGCCGUUG

Proline. (Proline should be the second amino acid in this protein. According the genetic code, AUG is the start codon and produces methionine, and CCG codes for proline.)

Watch the animation on transcription & then answer the question. Place the following steps of transcription in the correct order.

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter. RNA polymerase unzips the DNA double helix. RNA polymerase makes mRNA using DNA as a template. RNA polymerase stops polymerizing RNA when it reaches a terminator.

The figure below shows translation of a protein in progress. Once the new tRNA has docked at the ribosome, all three of the amino acids shown in the figure will be linked. What color is the dot of the amino acid that was translated first in this chain?

Red

After studying a freshly discovered meteor, you are astounded to find a single-celled organism living in it, representing the world's first extraterrestrial life-form. After extensive biochemical tests, you determine that the organism uses the same nucleotides as life on Earth, that it uses 50 different amino acids, and that each "codon" in its genome consists of four bases, not three, resulting in 256 possible combinations. Based on this information, does this genetic code fit our definition for redundant or universal?

Redundant

The biotech company Medicago expresses viral genes in tobacco plants to generate flu vaccines. In the genetic code, the codons CAU and CAC both encode amino acid histidine. This ability to interchange multiple codons for a single amino acid is an example of how the genetic code is __________.

Redundant

Watch the animation on translation & then answer the question. Place the steps of translation in the correct order.

The ribosome scans the mRNA for the presence of a start codon. tRNAs bind to the start codon located on the mRNA. The ribosome links together amino acids attached to the tRNAs. The ribosome continues until it reaches a stop codon.

The animatio describes two methods of generating a vaccine. Evaluate the following statement: Of the two methods, only the tobacco plant method requires expression of viral genes.

This statement is false because gene expression is also needed to make viruses in the eggs.

When nutrients are scarce, cells will often reduce the number of ribosomes present in the cell. What effect would this have on gene expression?

Translation would occur less often, resulting in less protein.

A mutation in a gene that disrupts its ability to transcribe a complete mRNA molecule would likely result in a change in the organism's phenotype.

True

The fact that ACU, ACC, ACA, and ACG all encode for the amino acid threonine is an example of the redundancy of the genetic code. True or false

True

A mutation in a gene that disrupts its ability to transcribe a complete mRNA molecule would likely result in a change in the organism's phenotype.

True: A phenotype is created from a gene via gene expression. A mutation in a gene that disrupts transcription almost certainly would disrupt translation, altering the organism's phenotype.

A phenotype is created from a gene via gene expression. A mutation in a gene that disrupts transcription almost certainly would disrupt translation, altering the organism's phenotype.

X

The redundant nature of the genetic code provides multiple ways for DNA to encode for one amino acid.

X

The - that an organism inherits from its parents influence its phenotype. Phenotypes can also be influenced throughout an organism's lifetime by - the expression of particular genes. For example, - the expression of an allele will often accentuate that allele's phenotype.

alleles, changing, increasing

The allele combination at a gene locus is known as an organism's -. The DNA - is then transcribed to produce -, using the DNA as a template. The resultant molecule is then transferred to the - where it is used as a template to construct -, which are responsible for producing the organism's -.

genotype, sequence, mRNA, cytoplasm, proteins, phenotype

The process in which mRNA is used as a template to construct a protein is called -. During this process, an amino acid is brought to the mRNA by a -, which temporarily binds to a three nucleotide sequence in the mRNA known as a -. The genetic code determines which amino acid will be brought next, based on the mRNA sequence.

translation, tRNA, condon