CH 10 SB
Unfreezing
Creating the motivation to change Creating the motivation to change
Diagnosis
What is the problem?
The process of interpreting and understanding one's environment is called ______.
perception
Jessica believes she should be concerned for the welfare of others. This belief is an example of a ______.
value
Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)
Autonomy Feedback Skill variety Task significance
CH 12 SB
CH 12 SB
CHAPTER 11 SB
CHAPTER 11 SB
Which are principal perspectives on motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)
Process Content Job design Reinforcement
Extroversion
The extent to which a person is outgoing, sociable, and assertive
Innovations must be ______.
novel
Abstract ideals that guide a person's thinking and behavior in all situations are called ______.
values
Extinction
weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced
Punishment
weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive
Place the steps in the perceptual process in the correct order, with the first step listed at the top and the last step listed at the bottom. Instructions
1. Selective attention 2. Interpretation and evaluation 3. Storing in memory 4.Retrieving from memory to make judgments and decisions
Behavior is defined as the combination of which two elements? (Choose every correct answer.)
Actions Judgments
Jane is planning to implement the same work scheduling system in the accounting department that her company uses in the retail division. Which type of change does this represent?
Adaptive change
Which type of change implementation makes employees feel the least threatened?
Adaptive change
Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement? (Choose every correct answer.)
Be clear about what behavior is desired. Give rewards as soon as possible.
What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory? (Choose every correct answer.)
Challenging Achievable Specific
What are two factors that contribute to resistance to change?
Change agent characteristics Employee characteristics
According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?
Competence, autonomy and relatedness
Which of the following are supertrends that are currently affecting the future of business? (Choose every correct answer.)
Competitive advantage is coming increasingly from knowledge, not from information. The way we work is being impacted by offshore suppliers.
Factors such as the increasing number of women in the workforce and the growing number of older workers exemplify which force for change outside the organization?
Demographic characteristics
What types of justice are the components of organizational justice? (Choose every correct answer.)
Distributive Interactional Procedural
Which of the following is a demographic characteristic that is a force for change outside the organization?
Education
According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs? (Choose every correct answer.)
Effort Training Experience
_____ is defined as an individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work.
Employee engagement
The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas? (Choose every correct answer.)
Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety. Employees are underutilized.
The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?
Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.
Which of the following are among the seven components of fostering innovation? (Choose every correct answer.)
Establishing the required structure and processes Instituting the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures Creating an innovation strategy Getting commitment from top managers
What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?
Expectancy
Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives? (Choose every correct answer.)
Expectancy theory Goal-setting theory Equity theory
Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior? (Choose every correct answer.)
Extinction Punishment
Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
Fairness Justice
True or false: Money is the best motivator.
False
True or false: Organizational development is used to hire new executives.
False
What is the modern way of designing jobs?
Fitting jobs to people
Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?
Goal-setting theory
Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?
Herzberg's two-factor theory
Feedback
How can the diagnosis and intervention be further refined
Changing
Introducing new information, perspectives, and ways of doing things
Jenna loves her job. She is known as the "cheerleader" of the department because she is enthusiastic about every project and highly focused. Jenna displays employee _____.
Jenna loves her job. She is known as the "cheerleader" of the department because she is enthusiastic about every project and highly focused. Jenna displays employee _____.
Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?
Job characteristics model
What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people? (Choose every correct answer.)
Job enlargement Job enrichment
What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)
Knowledge of actual results of the work Responsibility for work outcomes Meaningfulness of work
Which of the following is a purpose of organizational development?
Managing conflict
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.
McClelland's acquired needs theory
What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives? (Choose every correct answer.)
McClelland's acquired needs theory Herzberg's two-factor theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
Which statements about motivation are true? (Choose every correct answer.)
Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior.
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.
Needs
How does McClelland view needs?
Needs are something we learn from our culture.
What interdisciplinary field is dedicated to understanding and management of people at work?
Organizational behavior
What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?
Organizational justice
When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the department were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration?
Outputs
What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)
Performance to outcomes Effort to performance
Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? (Choose every correct answer.)
Physiological Safety Esteem Love
Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?
Piece rate
In equity theory, the outputs received from an organization include which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
Praise Rewards Pay
Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?
Process perspectives
What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?
Profit sharing
What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)
Psychological states Work outcomes Core job characteristics
What does the technique called scientific management seek to do? (Choose every correct answer.)
Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs Raise employee productivity Increase employee efficiency
"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?
Reinforcement theory
Which traits are elements of an individual's core self-evaluation? (Choose every correct answer.)
Self-efficacy Locus of control Self-esteem Emotional stability
Liam knew that everyone else thought he was lazy and incompetent, so rather than tell his work team about an idea, he just let them do all of the work. As a result, his coworkers continued to feel he was lazy and incompetent. What does Liam's behavior demonstrate?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
_____ occurs when people's expectations of themselves lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?
Skill variety
Which statement about organizational development is true?
Successful organizational development usually involves multiple interventions.
Refreezing
Supporting and reinforcing the new behavior
What are the parts of a systems model of change? (Choose every correct answer.)
Target elements of change Inputs Outputs
Which core job characteristic describes the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all of the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end?
Task identity
Conscientiousness
The extent to which a person is dependable, reliable, and responsible
emotional stability
The extent to which a person is relaxed, secure, and unworried
Agreeableness
The extent to which a person is trusting, cooperative, and good-natured
What is organizational commitment?
The extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals
What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?
They are agreed on by both employees and managers. They link rewards to performance.
Why is it important to manage employees as individuals who have different personalities and circumstances?
To influence the way employees behave
True or false: Multiple organizational development interventions have been found to work better than single interventions.
True
True or false: Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.
True
What are three types of learning opportunities? (Choose every correct answer.)
Tuition reimbursement Studying co-workers Learning and development
What are the types of employee behavior that managers can influence?
Turnover and absenteeism Performance and productivity Organizational citizenship behavior Counterproductive work behaviors
A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?
Two-factor theory
What are the stages of the Lewin model for change? (Choose every correct answer.)
Unfreezing Changing Refreezing
Positive reinforcement
Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior
intervention
What should we do to fix it?
A learned predisposition toward a given object is a(n)
attitude
Travis asked his mother if he should look for a new job because he wasn't happy in his current one. She told him it probably wouldn't matter because he was never happy with any job. His mother was commenting on Travis's ______.
attitude
People's values and attitudes affect their workplace _____, which includes their actions and judgments.
behavior
Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.
bonus program
Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.
bonuses
Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.
commission
Organizational development can be used to manage ______ within an organization.
conflict
Self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability are traits that make up an individual's ______.
core self-evaluation
One assumption that is central to a systems approach to change is that change ______.
creates a ripple effect through an organization
Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job:
design.
Organizational ______ is a set of techniques for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective.
development
The ability to monitor your own feelings and those of others and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is referred to as _____.
emotional intelligence
When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______.
give rewards as soon as possible
Openness to experience
he extent to which a person is imaginative, curious, and broad-minded
Miriam's mother was in the army, so as a child, Miriam moved a lot. It was rare for her to spend more than a year in any location, which meant she was always the new girl in school and had a hard time making friends. She was often lonely and unhappy as a result. Recently, Miriam's company decided to move into a new building and reorganize the different departments. Miriam is likely to be resistant to this change because ______.
her childhood predisposed her to dislike change
People's reaction to change depends largely on ______.
how they were taught to handle change as children
Evaluation
how well has the intervention worked?
The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.
human capital
A set of interdependent processes, practices, and structures that dictate how a company seeks out problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product design, and chooses projects for funding is a(n) ______.
innovation system
The process of creating something new that can be applied profitably is referred to as:
innovation.
In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______.
inputs
Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.
job design
People who feel greater job satisfaction are also likely to experience greater ______. (Choose every correct answer.)
life satisfaction commitment to the organization motivation
Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.
management
To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.
measurable
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.
merit
The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.
modification
The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.
motivation
Research shows that a positive relationship exists between organizational commitment and:
performance. turnover. job satisfaction.
Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.
personal and psychological development
Matt is one of those consistently upbeat, optimistic people. He always looks on the bright side of things and sees the glass as half-full, rather than half-empty. These characteristics describe Matt's _____.
personality
The stable behavioral and psychological characteristics responsible for a person's identity are known as _____.
personality
A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.
piece rate
Organizational behavior is a field of study that explains and ______ behavior.
predicts
Changing the appearance or the performance of a product or a service, or creating a new one, is called ______ innovation.
product
The process of changing the appearance or performance of a product or service is known as ______ innovation.
product
The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as ______.
profit sharing
Carson always feels like he is "putting out fires" at work and does not get an opportunity to figure out where problems might arise before they occur. Carson is dealing with ______ change.
reactive
An emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine is known as ______.
resistance to change
Reactive change is change that ______.
responds to problems or opportunities as they arise
Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.
sales commission
The extent to which you feel positive or negative about various aspects of your work is called job ______.
satisfaction
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.
self-determination
According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.
skill variety
Karen was surprised when her friend said that the man at the first table in the restaurant must be a great basketball player just because he was tall and African American. Karen's friend was making a:
stereotype.
The tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics you believe are typical of the group to which that individual belongs is known as _____.
stereotyping
Negative reinforcement
strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative
Increasing segmentation of the marketplace and the need to get products to market faster in light of competitors' specialized solutions are examples of ______ currently influencing the future of business.
supertrends
Jakob thought he would enjoy his job as a web designer, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. According to the jobs characteristics model, Jakob has low ______.
task identity
The personality dimensions of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience are referred to as _____.
the Big Five personality dimensions
Task significance
the extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization
Autonomy
the extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them
Skill variety
the extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities
Task identity
the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform everything needed to complete the job from beginning to end
Feedback
the extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job
Place the stages of Lewin's model of change in the correct order, with the first stage listed at the top and the final stage listed at the bottom.
unfreezing changing refreezing
Emotional intelligence reflects the ability to: (Choose every correct answer.)
use emotions and emotional knowledge to enhance thought carry out accurate reasoning about emotions monitor your and others' feelings and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions
One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant:
working at a job they found meaningful.
