Ch. 11, 13 TestOWLY Rn K

Third Agricultural Revolution

(Green Revolution) - rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizer. Agricultural productivity at a global scale has increased faster than the population. (e.g., major impact in Mexico, India, China, etc.)

Quaternary Economic Activities

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services

Mediterranean agriculture

Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer climate prevails in the famous wine countries of France, Italy, and Spain.

Metes and Bounds Survey

A method of land surveying east if the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of this surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system. 20.

Slash and burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, fields are cleared by slashing vegetables and burning debris.

Commercial Agriculture vs. Subsistence Agricultural

Commercial Agriculture: Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operation that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory type labor forces, and the latest technology. Subsistence Agriculture: Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade. Difference: BASIS FOR COMPARISON SUBSISTENCE FARMING & COMMERCIAL FARMING Nature- SUBSISTENCE: Labor intensive COMMERCIAL: Capital intensive Area- SUBSISTENCE: It is practiced in small area. COMMERCIAL: It is practiced in large area. Productivity- SUBSISTENCE: It is enhanced through the use of manures. COMMERCIAL: It is enhanced through higher doses of modern inputs. Crops grown- SUBSISTENCE: Food grains, fruits and vegetables COMMERCIAL: Cash crops and cereals Method of irrigation- SUBSISTENCE: It depends on monsoon. COMMERCIAL: It uses modern irrigation methods. Cultivation- SUBSISTENCE: Traditional methods are used. COMMERCIAL: Machines are used.

First Agricultural Revolution

Dating back 12,000 years, the transition of humans from nomadic hunting/gathering to sedentary agricultural production of domesticated plants and animals. A result of the warming period directly after an Ice Age, the first place to of recorded was the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East.

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

long-lot survey system

Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

Von Thünen Model

Early in the 19th century Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850) developed a model of land use that showed how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used. Von Thünen was a skilled farmer who was knowledgable in economics. It explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market. The von Thünen model incorporated four areas surrounding the city center. He concluded that farm products would be grown in a series of concentric zones outward from the central market city. The cost of transporting different farm products to the central market determined the agricultural use of the land around the city. The most productive activities were located closest to the market on more expensive land, and less productive activities were further away on cheaper land. The Four Zones of the Von Thünen Model The first and innermost belt, which was outside the central marketplace, would be a zone of intensive agriculture and dairying. Farmers who supplied fresh milk and dairy products to the city needed to be close to the marketplace or risk spoilage. Other crops that spoiled easily and yielded the highest returns, such as fruits and vegetables, would also be grown nearest to the central city because this accessible farmland was in high demand and, therefore, very expensive. Today, regions of specialty farming, such as in South Florida and California's Central Valley, do not always conform to von Thünen's concentric rings. The second zone, he said, would be an area of forest, used for firewood and fuel. These forest resources could be grown further out from the center city and used for fuel and building materials. You might think that the forest zone being located so close to the city center a bit odd, but remember, during the time that von Thünen lived, the forest was still important as a source of building materials and fuel. That changed with the onset of the industrial revolution. Modern applications of his model no longer have the forestry ring. There are still, however, a great number of cities that are considered preindustrial. Take Addis Ababa, for example. The capital city of Ethiopia still contains a broad and continuous belt of eucalyptus forest surrounding the city, positioned just about where von Thünen predicted it to be. The third zone is a belt of increasingly extensive field crops, such as grains for bread and tubers. Grain could be grown, harvested and stored easily and cheaply until needed. Since grains last longer than dairy products and are much cheaper to transport than forest resources, they could be situated further from the city market. Ranching and animal products occupy the fourth and outermost zone. Livestock is raised in the outer ring where cheap pasture land is plentiful. In von Thünen's day, livestock taken to market were driven to the city market "on the hoof," and did not have the luxury of refrigerated trucks to carry processed meat. Beyond the ranching area would be the wilderness. Eventually, since transportation costs increase with distance, there would be a line across which it would be uneconomical to produce crops. This is the area that the wilderness would begin. This isolated the region from the rest of the world.

Farm Subsidy

Farm Subsidies is a governmental subsidy paid to farmers and agribusinesses to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply of such commodities.

Difference between First Second and Third Agriculture Revolution

First Agricultural Revolution allowed humans to become more sedentary and avail themselves of a more reliable source of food. very labor intensive at this point, requiring many people to produce only a small amount of food. with a more stable food source, the population began to grow, more people needed more food, and growing more food required more labor in self-perpetuating cycles of population growth. along with this plant domestication came animal domestication. Second Agricultural Revolution agricultural benefited from the Industrial revolution, causing the Second Agricultural Revolution. the 2 revolutions occurred from 1700 to 1900 in developed countries. used technology provided by the Industrial Revolution to increase production and distribution of products. fields were now doubled or tripled in size but still the same amount of labor. this increased in productivity and allowed population to increase on both a local and a global scale. many less developed countries are still in the Second Agricultural Revolution. Third Agricultural Revolution / Green Revolution later half of 20th century. corresponded with the exponential growth occurring around the world, a direct result of the second agricultural revolution and its profound effect on Europe's ability to feed itself. included biotechnology and genetic engineering. also involves increase in chemical fertilizers. mass production of agricultural goods.

Norman Borlaug

Founder of Green Revolution: Increased wheat and maize yield worldwide, 1970 Nobel Peace Prize. The beginnings of the Green Revolution are often attributed to Norman Borlaug, an American scientist interested in agriculture. In the 1940s, he began conducting research in Mexico and developed new disease resistance high-yield varieties of wheat. By combining Borlaug's wheat varieties with new mechanized agricultural technologies, Mexico was able to produce more wheat than was needed by its own citizens, leading to its becoming an exporter of wheat by the 1960s. Prior to the use of these varieties, the country was importing almost half of its wheat supply. Due to the success of the Green Revolution in Mexico, its technologies spread worldwide in the 1950s and 1960s. The United States for instance, imported about half of its wheat in the 1940s but after using Green Revolution technologies, it became self-sufficient in the 1950s and became an exporter by the 1960s. In order to continue using Green Revolution technologies to produce more food for a growing population worldwide, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation, as well as many government agencies around the world funded increased research. Countries all over the world in turn benefited from the Green Revolution work conducted by Borlaug and Mexico's research institutions. India for example was on the brink of mass famine in the early 1960s because of its rapidly growing population. Borlaug and the Ford Foundation then implemented research there and they developed a new variety of rice, IR8, that produced more grain per plant when grown with irrigation and fertilizers. Today, India is one of the world's leading rice producers and IR8 rice usage spread throughout Asia in the decades following the rice's development in India.

Agribusiness

General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry.

Informal vs. Formal Economy

Informal Economy: economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in the Gross National Product. Formal Economy: the legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product. Difference: Formal: recognized by government, taxes Informal: "under the table" Can't tax Ex: babysitting Problem w Informal: govt. won't get a lot of revenue from taxes if there are a lot of Informal economies Ex: periphery countries Can't track it with statistics (GDP)

Second Agricultural Revolution & First Agricultural Revolution Difference

It coincided with the Industrial Revolution; it moved agriculture beyond subsistence to generate the kinds of surpluses needed to feed thousands of people working in factories instead of in agricultural fields. It was composed of a series of innovations, improvements, and techniques in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, and other neighboring countries.

Township and range system

Land survey used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop.

Genetically Modified (GM) Crops

Plants, animals or microorganisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.

Tertiary economic activity

Sector of the economy associated with the provision of services such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office based jobs.

Secondary economic activities

Sector of the economy involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.

Primary economic activities

Sector concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment - such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Deforestation

The clearing and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers.

Difference Between Second and Third Agricultural Revolution

The main difference between these two agricultural revolutions is that the Second Agricultural Revolution was based mainly on industrialization and the Third Agricultural Revolution was based largely on biotechnology. The Second Agricultural Revolution occurred largely as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution led to the creation of all sorts of machinery. Included among these machines were machines that could help increase farm productivity. For example, during the Second Agricultural Revolution, farmers started to be able to use tractors to pull various types of farm implements such as plows and harvesters. By using these new kinds of machinery, farmers were able to increase their productivity tremendously. The Third Agricultural Revolution happened in the second half of the 20th century. This was a revolution based on science. During this revolution, researchers used genetic modification techniques to create varieties of plants that were more productive. They also used science to create fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals that increased productivity. In short then, the difference between these revolutions is that the earlier one was based on machinery and the later one was based on scientific advances in things like genetics.

Green Revolution

The recently successful development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs.

Fair Trade Agriculture

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries. Fair Trade Adjust trading value so they are not proportionate to the size of the country Pros of the fair trade of agriculture- • Workers gett better living conditions • Equalizes the rights of thrid world communites quicker • More ideal Cons of the fair trade of agriculture- • More expensive • Not always fair • Puts the developing country at disadvantage by not getting farms more publication