Ch 17
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the
HYPOTHALAMUS and it increases release of THYROID-STIMULATING hormone from the anterior pituitary
Which is not a tropic hormone?
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Which is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?
Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level
The pars distalis is part of the adenohypophysis T/F
T
When follicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone (TH) they take up TH precursors from inside of the follicle, transport and enzymatially modify them with a lysosome, and release TH to the blood T/F
T
The metabolic condition called____ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response
Type 1 diabetes
The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary
are synthesized in the HYPOTHALAMUS and released from the POSTERIOR PITUITARY when nerve signals arrive
each of the body's blood-borne hormones comes from one of the major glands, namesly the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, or adrenal glands
false
The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is
glucagon
When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating______ signaling
paracrine
small cone shaped gladn that is in the epithalamus of brain is the
pineal gland
Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore:
proteins
When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is
synergistic
The binding of a hormon and carrier protein is___; a very ______ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time
temporary; large
When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone is considered:
the first messenger
Steroids, peptides, and nucleic acids are the 3 classes of hormones T/F
F
Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotrophins?
Follicle-stimulating hormones and suteinizing hormone
The term down-regulation refers to the process by which:
a cell decreases the # of receptors it has for a hormone
parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by
hormonal stimulation !humoral stimulation neural stimulation positive feedback stimulation
2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary are:
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
Thyroid hormone synthesis involves the secretion of a glycoporotein called______ by the follicular cells
thyroglobulin
Protein hormones are
water soluble
Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?
zona FASCICULATA
Thyroid hormone is unique bc it is a
!biogenic amine that is lipid soluble
Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets
C cell (these ones are alpha, beta, delta, F)
Like all other hormone transport proteins, albumin is highly specific in terms of which hormone is carries through the blood T/F
F
Like proteins, eicosanoids are synthesized on ribosomes in a process that involves transcription and translation T/F
F
The function of each regulatory hormone is of the hypothalamus is to trigger the release of a tropic hormone from the pituitary T/F
F
which of the following is not considered to be a nutrient that cells oxidize to provide energy (in the form of ATP)
Nucleic acids
Eicosanoids are a primary type of local hormone T/F
T
The release of hormons from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by:
The sympathetic division of the ANS
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that:
bind to DNA and initiate transcription
Modified amino acids that act as hormonoes are referred to as ______ amines.
biogenic amines
Steroid hormones derived from
cholesterol
The disease called _____ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce the features known as "moon face" and buffalo hump
cushing syndrome
In most of its target cells, cortisol____glucose uptake and ____ protein metabolisim
decreases; increases
The part of the brain that some consider to be a master control center of the endocrine system is the
hypothalamus
Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormonds. The levels of such hormones in teh blood would therefore be expected to:
increase
Hormones and neurots released my the endocrine and nervous systems are chemical substances referred to as
ligands
Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has:
more localized and long lasting effects !more widespread and long lasting effects
The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to
stimulate GLUCOCORTICOID release from the ADRENAL GLANDS
In which order would blood from through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? a. primary plexus b. secondary plexus c. hypophyseal portal veins
A-C-B (Primary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins, secondary plexus)
Once a structure is fully grown and mature it will probably
DOWN-regulate its receptors for growth hormone as it no longer NNEDS TO CONTINUE to grow at a fast rate
Thyroid hormones effects are to
INCREASE metabolic rate and body temperature by INCREASING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in target cells
Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Fatty acids are organic molecules that cells can oxidize in order to have energy for the formation of ATP T/F
R
What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?
Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids
Growth hormone is secreted by ____ cells in the anterior pituitary
SOMATOtropic
Growth hormone releaseing hormone (GHRH) is one of the regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus that acts on the pituitary T/F
T
Increasing levels of cortisol inhibit the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) T/F
T
A G protein is
a molecule that binds to guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell
Glucagon and insulin work ____ on blood glucose levels
antagonistically
Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?
anterior pituitary
When eicosanoids bring about cellular changes within the same cell from whith they were formed the process is called_______ stimulation
autocrine
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the
ANTERIOR PITUITARY, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland
The reaction time for endocrine effects is generally measured in milliseconds
False
Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?
GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin
You are shadowing an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?
HYPERsecretion of the THYROID hormone
Which is not correct regarding the pancreas?
It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty
Which is not true about the thyroid gland?
It has 2 lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure
Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to
UP-regulate receptors in order to INCREASE cell sensitivity
Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause
acromegaly
The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Eicosanoids are synthesized from
arachidonic acid
The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that
each step allows for AMPLIFICATION of the signal where one molecule can activate many
Exercise causes a(n)______ in growth hormone levels; a rise in amino acids levels or decrese in glucose levels causes a(n)____ in GH levels
increase; increase
The pituitary gland is located_____ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the _______
inferior; infundibulum
Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of
inositol triphosphate
The secretion of ____ by the anterior pituitary gland is not under the control of a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces
pancreatic juice
Two regions of the hypothalamus are associated with the posterior pituitary are the
paraentricular and supraobtic nuclei
The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the
paraventricular nucleus
The 3 distince areas of the anterior pituitary are the
pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis
When the activity of one hormone requires that of a second hormone, the interaction is
permissive
The adrenal glands are located____ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a _____ color
posterior, yellow
Gluconeogenesis is
production of glucose from NONCARBOHYDRATE molecules and it occurs when blood glucose is low
Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone
the more frequently it must be replaced
The half life of a hormone is
the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted
Where is the pituitary gland located?
within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?
Ovaries & testes
Until thyroid homone needs to be secreted, precursors to it are stored in a viscous, protein-rich fluid within the center of thyroid follicles. The viscous fluid is known as
colloid
Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone
glucagon
Follicle stimulating hormone is a
glycoprotein
Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons are extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
The thyroid gland is located
immediately ANTERIOR to the TRACHEA
Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?
insulin
Lipophilic hormones bind to ____ receptors of target cells
intracellular
Cortisol binds to ___ receptors and has the effect of ____ blood glucose levels
intracellular, raising
parathyroid glands are located
just below thalamus within thymus above kidneys anterior to thyroid gladn !posterior to the thyroid gland
Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?
lipid soluble
The process in which triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids is
liplysis
As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express
more receptors for sex hormones
In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by
negative feedback
Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?
no exceptions, all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex (coricosteroids, glucocoricoids, mineralcorticoids, gonadocorticoids)
In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inisitol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates
phospholipase C
Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates:
protein kinase
Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messernger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodiu, and so its secretion regulation is said to be:
purely neural ! both hormonal an dhumoral both antagonsitic and synergistic both neural and synergensticic purely hormonal
Among their many functions, hormones regulate blood volume, cellular concentrations, and number of platelets:
true
The liver contains endocrine cells
true
