Ch 17

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the

HYPOTHALAMUS and it increases release of THYROID-STIMULATING hormone from the anterior pituitary

Which is not a tropic hormone?

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Which is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

The pars distalis is part of the adenohypophysis T/F

T

When follicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone (TH) they take up TH precursors from inside of the follicle, transport and enzymatially modify them with a lysosome, and release TH to the blood T/F

T

The metabolic condition called____ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response

Type 1 diabetes

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

are synthesized in the HYPOTHALAMUS and released from the POSTERIOR PITUITARY when nerve signals arrive

each of the body's blood-borne hormones comes from one of the major glands, namesly the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, or adrenal glands

false

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

glucagon

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating______ signaling

paracrine

small cone shaped gladn that is in the epithalamus of brain is the

pineal gland

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore:

proteins

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is

synergistic

The binding of a hormon and carrier protein is___; a very ______ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time

temporary; large

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone is considered:

the first messenger

Steroids, peptides, and nucleic acids are the 3 classes of hormones T/F

F

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotrophins?

Follicle-stimulating hormones and suteinizing hormone

The term down-regulation refers to the process by which:

a cell decreases the # of receptors it has for a hormone

parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by

hormonal stimulation !humoral stimulation neural stimulation positive feedback stimulation

2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary are:

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves the secretion of a glycoporotein called______ by the follicular cells

thyroglobulin

Protein hormones are

water soluble

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

zona FASCICULATA

Thyroid hormone is unique bc it is a

!biogenic amine that is lipid soluble

Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets

C cell (these ones are alpha, beta, delta, F)

Like all other hormone transport proteins, albumin is highly specific in terms of which hormone is carries through the blood T/F

F

Like proteins, eicosanoids are synthesized on ribosomes in a process that involves transcription and translation T/F

F

The function of each regulatory hormone is of the hypothalamus is to trigger the release of a tropic hormone from the pituitary T/F

F

which of the following is not considered to be a nutrient that cells oxidize to provide energy (in the form of ATP)

Nucleic acids

Eicosanoids are a primary type of local hormone T/F

T

The release of hormons from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by:

The sympathetic division of the ANS

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that:

bind to DNA and initiate transcription

Modified amino acids that act as hormonoes are referred to as ______ amines.

biogenic amines

Steroid hormones derived from

cholesterol

The disease called _____ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce the features known as "moon face" and buffalo hump

cushing syndrome

In most of its target cells, cortisol____glucose uptake and ____ protein metabolisim

decreases; increases

The part of the brain that some consider to be a master control center of the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormonds. The levels of such hormones in teh blood would therefore be expected to:

increase

Hormones and neurots released my the endocrine and nervous systems are chemical substances referred to as

ligands

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has:

more localized and long lasting effects !more widespread and long lasting effects

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate GLUCOCORTICOID release from the ADRENAL GLANDS

In which order would blood from through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? a. primary plexus b. secondary plexus c. hypophyseal portal veins

A-C-B (Primary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins, secondary plexus)

Once a structure is fully grown and mature it will probably

DOWN-regulate its receptors for growth hormone as it no longer NNEDS TO CONTINUE to grow at a fast rate

Thyroid hormones effects are to

INCREASE metabolic rate and body temperature by INCREASING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in target cells

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Fatty acids are organic molecules that cells can oxidize in order to have energy for the formation of ATP T/F

R

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Growth hormone is secreted by ____ cells in the anterior pituitary

SOMATOtropic

Growth hormone releaseing hormone (GHRH) is one of the regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus that acts on the pituitary T/F

T

Increasing levels of cortisol inhibit the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) T/F

T

A G protein is

a molecule that binds to guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell

Glucagon and insulin work ____ on blood glucose levels

antagonistically

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

anterior pituitary

When eicosanoids bring about cellular changes within the same cell from whith they were formed the process is called_______ stimulation

autocrine

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the

ANTERIOR PITUITARY, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland

The reaction time for endocrine effects is generally measured in milliseconds

False

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?

GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin

You are shadowing an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?

HYPERsecretion of the THYROID hormone

Which is not correct regarding the pancreas?

It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty

Which is not true about the thyroid gland?

It has 2 lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

UP-regulate receptors in order to INCREASE cell sensitivity

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Eicosanoids are synthesized from

arachidonic acid

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

each step allows for AMPLIFICATION of the signal where one molecule can activate many

Exercise causes a(n)______ in growth hormone levels; a rise in amino acids levels or decrese in glucose levels causes a(n)____ in GH levels

increase; increase

The pituitary gland is located_____ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the _______

inferior; infundibulum

Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of

inositol triphosphate

The secretion of ____ by the anterior pituitary gland is not under the control of a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

pancreatic juice

Two regions of the hypothalamus are associated with the posterior pituitary are the

paraentricular and supraobtic nuclei

The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the

paraventricular nucleus

The 3 distince areas of the anterior pituitary are the

pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

When the activity of one hormone requires that of a second hormone, the interaction is

permissive

The adrenal glands are located____ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a _____ color

posterior, yellow

Gluconeogenesis is

production of glucose from NONCARBOHYDRATE molecules and it occurs when blood glucose is low

Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone

the more frequently it must be replaced

The half life of a hormone is

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted

Where is the pituitary gland located?

within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

Ovaries & testes

Until thyroid homone needs to be secreted, precursors to it are stored in a viscous, protein-rich fluid within the center of thyroid follicles. The viscous fluid is known as

colloid

Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone

glucagon

Follicle stimulating hormone is a

glycoprotein

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons are extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

The thyroid gland is located

immediately ANTERIOR to the TRACHEA

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

insulin

Lipophilic hormones bind to ____ receptors of target cells

intracellular

Cortisol binds to ___ receptors and has the effect of ____ blood glucose levels

intracellular, raising

parathyroid glands are located

just below thalamus within thymus above kidneys anterior to thyroid gladn !posterior to the thyroid gland

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

lipid soluble

The process in which triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids is

liplysis

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express

more receptors for sex hormones

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

negative feedback

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

no exceptions, all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex (coricosteroids, glucocoricoids, mineralcorticoids, gonadocorticoids)

In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inisitol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates

phospholipase C

Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates:

protein kinase

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messernger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodiu, and so its secretion regulation is said to be:

purely neural ! both hormonal an dhumoral both antagonsitic and synergistic both neural and synergensticic purely hormonal

Among their many functions, hormones regulate blood volume, cellular concentrations, and number of platelets:

true

The liver contains endocrine cells

true