CH 11

food sources from lowest (at the top) to highest (at the bottom) magnesium content.

1. whole wheat bread, 1 slice 2. banana, 1 medium 3. plain yogurt, 1 cup 4. spinach, 1 cup

The UL for phosphorus is

3 - 4 g/day. (400mg)

On average, peak bone mass is achieved just before age

30

functions of calcium

Bone building Muscle function Blood clotting

For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?

Bones

Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?

Bones

Which type of calcium supplement can be taken without regard to meals?

Calcium citrate

Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin

D

True or false: Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets.

False, Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 75% of the calcium in North American diets.

True or false: Phosphorus deficiency is a very serious and relatively common concern.

False, No disease is currently associated with an inadequate phosphorus intake

True or false: The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.

False, The high absorption, plus its wide availability in foods, makes this mineral less important than calcium in diet planning.

True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.

False, the body will remove calcium from the bones in order to maintain correct serum calcium levels.

With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.

Fluoride

For a person who does not consume cow's milk, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?

Fortified breakfast cereals Fortified soymilk Salmon with bones

Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.

Magnesium

Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of ______ acid.

Oxalic

Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.

Phosphorus

The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ______ bone.

Trabecular

osteoporosis occurs in women after menopause due to the rapid decline in estrogen production.

Type 1

low bone mineral density that occurs in both men and women after age 60.

Type 2 osteoporosis

Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?

Vitamin D

The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from

antacids. laxatives. supplements

best source of magnesium

beans

The functions of fluoride include

blocking growth of bacteria. helping teeth resist acids. mineralizing tooth enamel.

Bones consist of

bone marrow. cortical and trabecular bone. a layer of periosteum.

Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.

bones

When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include

calcium deposits in organs. gastrointestinal disorders.

Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of

cardiovascular disease. type 2 diabetes

Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits

demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.

component of bone with its function cortical bone

dense bone tissue that provides strength and stability

The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing

diarrhea

Low levels of the female reproductive hormone ___________ , Correct Unavailable are detrimental to bone health because this hormone stimulates osteoblast activity. (This question is asking for a hormone, not a vitamin or mineral.)

estrogen

sources of fluoride.

fluoridated water seaweed tea

Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.

fluoride

Which of the following foods provides the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium for a vegetarian?

fortified orange juice

During which phases of the life cycle does the rate of bone formation exceed the rate of bone loss?

infancy childhood young adulthood

Absorption of calcium is increased during

infancy. pregnancy.

component of bone with its function trabecular bone

lattice-like bone tissue that acts to absorb shock

The DEXA technique uses ______ to measure bone mineral density.

low level x ray

Highly trained athletes are at risk for bone loss if

menstruation becomes irregular or ceases altogether.

Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with

milk allergies. vegan diets. inadequate sun exposure.

Common sites for osteoporotic fractures include

spine. pelvis. wrist.

component of bone with its function bone marrow

spongy bone tissue that contains stem cells

Which exercises is the best choice for maintaining bone mass?

strength training

Exercise is beneficial for bone health because

the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.

component of bone with its function periosteum

thick membrane that covers the bone surface