Ch 12-15, Exam 3

The main way acetylcholine is cleared from a synapse is by: A. degradation by an enzyme B. uptake by the postsynaptic cell C. reuptake by the presynaptic cell D. being engulfed by a supporting glial cell

Degradation by an enzyme

The epineurium is composed of: A. dense regular connective tissue B. simple squamous epithelium C. dense irregualr connective tissue D. areolar connective tissue E. pseudostatified nonkeratinized epithelium

Dense irregular connecetive tissue

In sum, there are ___ pairs of spinal nerves. A. 13 B. 31 C. 40 D. 51 E. 12

31

What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep? a: dura mater b: pia mater c: arachnoid mater A. a,b,c B. a,c,b C. b,a,c D. b,c,a E. c,b,a

A,C,B (DAP)

During a mugging, a person experiences an extreme level of fear. What portion of the limbic system is responsible for this and other emotional states? A. cingulate gyrus B. amygdaloid body C. fornix D. mammillary body E. hippocampus

Amygdaloid body

Following a head injury, a young woman frequently loses her temper and is often depressed and otherwise "mood". What part of the brain do you think has been damaged? A. amygdaloid body B. caudate nucleus C. putamen D. globus pallidus E. claustrum

Amygdaloid body

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems _____ effects on heart rate. A. antagonistic B. cooperative C. synergistic D. negligible

Antagonistic

The cervical plexus is formed by the: A. posterior rami of spinal nerves C2-C6 B. posterior rami of spinal nerves C4-C8 C. anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4 D. anterior rami of spinal nerves C3-C7 E. rami communications of spinal nerves C1-C7

Anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the: A. pia mater B. arachnoid mater C. dura mater D. periosteal layer E. subarachnoid layer

Arachnoid mater

Glial cells differ from neurons in that they: A. are larger and capable of meiosis B. are smaller and capable of mitosis C. are found only in the CNS D. are found only in the PNS E. transmit nerve impulses much more slowly

Are smaller and capable of mitosis

Your memories of the sights and sound of your elementary school stored in: A. the arbor vitae of your cerebellum B. association cortex areas of your cerebrum C. your hippocampus and amygdala D. your thalamus and hypothalamus E. your limbic system and cranial nerves

Association cortex areas of your cerebrum

The glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier is the: A. astrocyte B. ependymal cell C. neurolemmocyte D. microglial cell E. oligodendrocyte

Astrocyte

The glial cell that provides structural support and organization to the CNS is the: A. astrocyte B. ependymal cell C. neurolemmocyte D. microglial cell E. oligodendrocyte

Astrocyte

What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS? A. astrocyte B. ependymal cell C. neurolemmocyte D. microglial cell E. oligodendrocyte

Astrocyte

The blood-brain barrier is made up of: A. microglial extensions and capillary endothelial cells B. ependymal cells and venous blood vessels C. astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells D. astrocyte extensions and dural sinuses E. astrocyte perivascular feet and the falx cerebri

Astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells

The slowest category of nerve fibers are the: A. A fibers, and they conduct impulses at meters per second. B. C fibers, and they conduct impulses at meter per second. C. D. fibers, and they conduct impulses at 0.1 meter per second D. C fibers, and they conduct impulses at 100 meters per second E. D fibers, and they conduct impulses at 0.01 meter per second

C fibers, and they conduct impulses at meter per second.

Which spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus? A. S1-Co1 B. L1-L5 C. C5-T1 D. L4-S4 E. C1-C5

C5-T1

Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system: A. always excite effector organs B. always inhibit effector organs C. can either excite or inhibit effector organs D. do not excite effector organs but monitor their status of activity

Can either excite or inhibit effector organs

The nerves projecting inferiorly from the spinal cord are collectively called the: A. terminal finale B. cauda equina C. terminus filus D. caudal terminale E. caudus finalis

Cauda equina

The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain: A. axons of motor neurons and interneuron cell bodies B. axons of sensory and motor neurons C. cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons D. axons of sensory neurons and interneuron cell bodies E. cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements. A. pons B. medulla oblongata C. cerebrum D. cerebellum E. epithalamus

Cerebellum

Which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae? A. pons B. medulla oblongata C. cerebrum D. cerebellum E. epithalamus

Cerebellum

Which portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture? A. pons B. medulla oblongata C. cerebrum D. cerebellum E. epithalamus

Cerebellum

Clusters of gray matter that contain neuron cell bodies and lie within masses of white matter are the: A. cortex B. cerebral ganglia C. cerebral nuclei D. cerebral peduncles E. ventricles

Cerebral nuclei

Lobes of the brain are named for the bones superficial to them and are part of the: A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. diencephalon D. metencephalon

Cerebrum

The blood-brain is reduced or missing from three locations in the brain. Which is not one of these locations? A. hypothalamus B. pineal gland C. cerebrum D. choroid plexus

Cerebrum

The location of conscious though processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the: A. cerebellum B. pons C. hypothalamus D. corpus callosum E. cerebrum

Cerebrum

The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____ plexuses. A. cervical B. branchial C. lumbar D. radial E. mandibular

Cervical

What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior? A. cervical-thoracic-sacral-coccygeal-lumbar B. cervical-thoracic-lumbar-sacral-coccygeal C. thoracic-lumbar-sacral-cervical-coccygeal D. thoracic-cervical-lumbar-coccygeal-sacral E. thoracic-lumbar-sacral-coccygeal-cervical

Cervical-thoracic-lumbar-sacral-coccygeal

Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves? A. most spinal nerves are motor nerves B. each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons C. all spinal nerves are sensory nerves D. odd numbered spinal nerves are sensory and even numbered spinal nerves are motor. E. spinal nerves are central axons contained within the vertebral canal

Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons

Each side of the spinal cord gives rise to ______ cervical nerves. A. two B. six C. seven D. eight E. twelve

Eight

Once inside the sympathetic trunk, the sympathetic preganglionic axons: A. remain at the level of entry B. travel superiorly C. travel inferiorly D. follow any of the routes listed

Follow any of the routes listed

The brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the ________ ventricel A. third B. lateral C. fourth D. median E. falx

Fourth

Damage of which lobe of the brain (that normally plans appropriate behavior) has been most frequently associated with personality abnormalities? A. frontal B. parietal C. occipital D. temporal E. insula

Frontal

Potassium has a higher concentration: A. inside the cell versus outside the cell, and sodium is also more concentrated inside verus outside the cell B. inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell C. outside the cell versus inside the cell, and sodium is also more concentrated outside versus inside the cell D. outside the cell veruss inside the cell, whereas sodium has higher concentration inside versus outside the cell

Inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell

Which of the five cerebral lobes is the one not visible on the surface of the brain? A. insula B. temporal C. frontal D. occipital E. parietal

Insula

A diminished reflex response that may indicate damage to a segment of the spinal cord is a _______ reflex. A. hypoactive B. hyperactive C. diminutive D. ponderous E. excessive

Hypoactive

In the brain, the _______ is the integration and command center for autonomic functions. A. medulla B. cerebral cortex C. spinal cord D. brainstem E. hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

The brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the: A. pons B. thalamus C. hypothalamus D. epithalamus

Hypothalamus

Association area: A. correlate information from opposite sides of the brain. B. correlate similar functions form different lobes on the same side of the brain C. correlate similar functions from the same lobes on the opposite side of the brain D. integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences E. integrate outgoing motor information

Integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences

A nerve: A. contains a single axon B. is found only in the CNS C. carries only sensory information D. carries information only toward the PNS. E. is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons

Is a cable like bundle of parallel axons

The adult spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the ______ vertebra. A. S4 B. L1 C. L6 D. S1 E. T8

L1

The spinal nerves that give rise to the sacral plexus are: A. L4-S4 B. T11-Co1 C. L2-S1 D. S4-C2

L4-S4

Most commonly, which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controlling speech? A. left B. right

Left

A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes ________ the resting membrane potential. A. more negative than B. less negative than C. closer to

Less negative than

The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the: A. astrocyte B. ependymal cell C. neurolemmocyte D. microglial cell E. oligodendrocyte

Microglial cell

The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a ____ reflex. A. ipsilateral B. contralateral C. monosynaptic D. crossed-extensor E. multisynaptic

Monosynaptic

Which type of reflex occurs with the smallest delay? A. polysynaptic B. monosynaptic

Monosynaptic

If there were no sodium leak channels, the resting membrane potential of a neuron would be: A. more negative B. more positive C. the same D. 0 mV

More negative

Which system has long preganglionic axons and therefore ganglia that are relatively far from the central nervous system? A. parasympathetic nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic

The lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the: A. occipital lobe B. temporal lobe C. insula D. parietal lobe E. frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

The gnostic area of the brain provides comprehensive understanding of a current activity. It is composed of portions of the: A. parietal and frontal lobes B. occipital and parietal lobes C. temoral and occipital lobes D. parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes E. parietal, occiptial, and temporal lobes

Parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the: A. epineurium B. endoneurium C. perineurium D. endosteum E. periosteum

Perineurium

The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows ever contour of the brain surface is the: A. pia mater B. arachnoid mater C. dura mater D. periosteal layer E. subdural layer

Pia mater

The most delicate of the meninges consists of elastic and collagen fibers and is known as the: A. pia mater B. dura mater C. falx cerebri D. arachnoid mater

Pia mater

This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm. A. habenular nucleus B. anterior nucleus C. pineal gland D. mammillary body E. paraventricular nucleus

Pineal gland

A network of interwoven anterior rami of spinal nerves is a: A. ramus B. communicans C. ganglion D. dermatome E. plexus

Plexus

Billions of CNS interneurons are grouped in complex patterns called neuronal: A. networks B. complexes C. pools D. meshes E. webs

Pools

The most crucial factor determining the resting potential of a neuron is the diffusion of: A. potassium out of the cell through leak channels B. potassium into the cell through gated channels C. sodium out of the cell through leak channels D. sodium into the cell through gated channels

Potassium out of the cell through leak channels

The first of the two ANS motor neurons is the _____ neuron. A. preganglionic B. postganglionic C. posterior D. terminal E. primary

Preganglionic

Most commonly, a synapse is made between a: A. presynaptic neuron's dendrite and a postsynaptic membrane's cell body B. presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite C. presynaptic neuron's axon hillock and a postsynaptic neuron's cell body D. presynaptic neuron's soma and a postsynaptic neuron's synaptic knob

Presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite

The function of myelin is to: A. block the transmission of a nerve impulse B. provide points of attachment for nerve threads C. produce faster nerve impulse propagation D. produce slow but continuous impulse conduction

Produce faster nerve impulse propagation

The primary gustatory cortex processes information about _____ and is located in the __________. A. sound, cerebellum B. taste, insula C. taste, frontal lobe D. smell, parietal lobe E. smell, temporal lobe

Taste, insula

As an axon approaches the cell onto which it will terminate, it generally branches repeatedly into several: A. teloaxons B. dendrites C. collateral axons D. telodendria C. neurolemmocytes

Telodendria

The lateral sulcus is superior to the: A. occipital lobe B. temporal lobe C. insula D. parietal lobe E. frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

The horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that seperates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the: A. diaphragma sellae B. falx cerebelli C. tentorium cerebelli D. superior sagittal sinus E. falx cerebri

Tentorium cerebelli

Which structure plays a crucial role in filtering out the irrelevent noise at a crowded party so that you can listen to somone speaking to you? A. thalamus B. hypothalamus C. epithalamus

Thalamus

The glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to: A. the high lipid content of the myelin sheath B. their proximity to light-reflecting cartilage C. their proximity to white bone D. the white color of the perivascular feet E. the covering of ependymal cells

The high lipid content of the myelin sheath

Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by: A. the median aperture B. microglia C. astrocytes D. arachnoid villi E. the choroid plexus

The median aperture

Dural venous sinuses are areas where: A. the meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood-filled spaces. B. cerebrospinal fluid is produced C. cerebrospinal fluid is stored D. large numbers of nuclei congregate E. glial cells are formed

The meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood-filled spaces.

When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by: A. the presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft B. the postsynaptic neuron's dendrites into the synaptic cleft C. the presynaptic neuron's dendrites into the synaptic cleft D. the presynaptic neuron's soma into synaptic vesicles E. the postsynaptic neuron's telodendria into the axon hillock

The presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft

Receptors are parts of the nervous system that allow it to: A. initiate responses to information. B. process information. C. collect information D. conduct impulses to muscles

collect information

Which is not characteristic of neurons? A. high mitotic rate B. high metabolic rate C. require continious supplies of glucose and oxygen D. extreme longevity E. no exceptions; all of these are characteristic of neurons

high metabolic rate

The part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long-term memory is the: A. cingulate gyrus B. amygdaloid body C. fornix D. mammillary body E. hippocampus

hippocampus

The sympathetic trunks are located: A. superior to the brachial plexus B. inferior to the sacral plexus C. immediately lateral to the vertebral column D. lateral to prevertebral ganglia E. in the craniosacral regions

immediately lateral to the vertebral column

A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the cns would be classified as an _______ neuron. A. autonomic motor B. somatic sensory C. somatic motor D. visceral sensory

visceral sensory

Based on function, 99 percent of neurons are: A. sensory neurons B. motor neurons C. unipolar neurons D. bipolar neurons E. interneurons

interneurons

The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and "deciding" how the body responds to stimuli are: A. sensory B. motor neurons C. accessory neurons D. correlation neurons E. interneurons

interneurons

Which functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system? A. bipolar neurons B. motor neurons C. accessory neurons D. correlation neurons E. interneurons

interneurons

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the: A. dorsal horns of hte craniosacral brain and spinal cord B. ventral horns of the cervical and sacral spinal cord C. dorsal horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments D. lateral horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments E. ventral horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal segments

lateral horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments

Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the _______ neuron. A. multipolar B. bipolar C. unipolar D. pseudounipolar

multipolor

A bipolar neurons has: A. two axons extending from the cell body B. two dendrites extending from the cell body C. one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body D. a single short process that extends from the cell body and then splits into a peripheral and central branch

one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body

Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the A. central nervous system B. peripheral nervous system C. both the central and peripheral

peripheral nervous system

Dual innervation means that an individual effector: A. may be excited or inhibitedby a single division of the autonomic nervous system B. receives input from both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems C. receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems D. receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell

receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

One of the ways that neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft is: A. endocytosis by the postsynaptic cell. B. reuptake by the presynaptic cell. C. phagocytosis by a macrophage. D. dendritic lassos.

reuptake by the presynaptic cell.

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the ______ division. A. motor B. cranial C. ganglial D. efferent E. sensory

sensory

A mixed nerve refers to ones that contains both: A. cranial and spinal nerve fibers B. sensory and motor neurons. C. unipolar and bipolar neurons D. an endoneurium and an epineurium E. presunaptic and postsynaptic neurons

sensory and motor neurons

Autonomic tone refers to: A. whether a response is stimulatory or inhibitory B. whether the body's reaction is to fight or to flee C. the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. D. the degree of tension in skeletal muscles at rest

the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Which division of the nervous system shows a greater capacity for regeneration? A. CNS B. PNS

PNS

What type of circuit would you use to solve a higher-order mathematical problem? A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. none of the choices are correct

Parallel-after-discharge

Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients? A. parasympathetic B. somatic C. sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is: A. 7 V B. 700 mV C. -7 V D. -70 mV E. 0 mV

-70 mV

Somatic motor neuron axons fall into the category of: A. A fibers B. B fibers C. C fibers D. D fibers

A fibers

Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter. A. acetylcholine B. epinephrine C. norepinephrine

Acetylchline

Preganglionic axons of the ANS release: A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. either acetylcholine or norepinephrine

Acetylcholine

Which sympathetic pathway involves only a preganglionic axon going to the effector organ? A. splanchnic nerve pathway B. adrenal medulla pathway C. postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway D. spinal nerve pathway E. none of these answers involve only a sympathetic preganglionic axon

Adrenal medulla pathway

Postganglionic axons form the celiac ganglion innervate the: A. stomach B. spleen C. liver D. gallbladder E. all of the above

All of the above

We lack awareness of many of our bodies' systems for maintaining homeostasis. The sensations, movements, and secretions of organs such as the heart and intestines are governed by the: A. autonomic nervous system B. somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

The conductive segment of a neuron is its__________, a region that contains many _________ gated channels. A. axon, voltage- B. axon, chemically C. dendrite, voltage- D. dendrite, chemically

Axon, voltage-

In order to trigger the releases of neurotransmitter form a neuron terminal, calcium ions: A. exit the synaptic knob through diffusion B. bind to proteins on the surface of synaptic vesicles. C. penetrate the synaptic vesicles and bind to molecules of neurotransmitter D. bind to ion channels on the neuron membrane and causes them to open for the transmitter

Bind to proteins on the surface of synaptic vesicles

The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the _____. A. voluntary movement, frontal lobe B. blood pressure, pons C. visual reflexes, pons D. blood pressure, medulla oblongata E. visual reflexes, midbrain

Blood pressure, medulla oblongata

The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the ____ plexus. A. cervical B. brachial C. bronchoile D. lumbar E. sciatic

Brachial

The centers for cardiac, digestive, and vasomotor functions are housed within the: A. brainstem B. hypothalamus C. spinal cord D. cerebral cortex E. cerebellum

Brainstem

The type of transport protein that moves a substance down its concentration gradient is a: A. channel B. pump

Channel

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the: A. choroid plexus B. arachnoid villi C. arachnoid granulation D. septum pellucidum E. mesencephalic aqueduct

Choroid plexus

The most inferior spinal nerve is: A. C7 B. C8 C. Co1 D. Co7 E. CN XII

Co1

Since most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the ______ side of the body A. contralateral B. ipsilateral

Contralateral

The type of neuronal circuit in which several nerve impulses come together at a single postsynaptic neuron is a ____________ circuit. A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharges E none of the choices is correct

Converging

You walk into a restaurant and amidst the sights, sounds, and smells of food preparation, you notice that you have begun to salivate. This is evidence that a particular neuronal circuit has been activated. Which one? A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. none of the choices is correct

Converging

The major pathways of communication between the right and left hemisphere is the: A. cerebral gyri B. cerebral sulci C. longitudinal fissure D. hypothalamus E. corpus callosum

Corpus callosum

Motor pathways are ______ tracts that control _____. A. ascending, affectors B. ascending, effectors C. descending, affectors D. descending, effectors

Descending, effectors

Which part of the brain contains epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus? A. pons B. medulla oblongata C. diencephalon D. cerebrum E. cerebellum

Diencephalon

What type of circuit is used to maintain body posture while walking? A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. none of the choices is correct

Diverging

Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)? A. pia mater B. arachnoid C. dura mater D. subdural layer E. subarachnoid layer

Dura mater

Which statement is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte? A. each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously B. an oligondendrocyte is responsible for forming part of the blood-brain barrier C. oligondendrocytes function only within the PNS D. each oligondendrocyte can wrap only a 1 mm portion of a single axon. E. a neurolemmocyte attacks pathogens

Each oligondendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously

The numerous folds of the cerebellar cortex are called: A. fissures B. gyri C. vermis D. folia E. petalias

Folia

The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the: A. astrocyte B. ependymal cell C. neurolemmocyte D. microglial cell E. oligodendrocyte

Ependymal cell

Which choice correctly orders the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer? A. perineurium-epineurium-endoneurium B. perineurium-endoneurium-epineurium C. epineurium-perineurium-endoneurium D. epineurium-endoneurium-perineurium E. endoneurium-perineurium-epineurium

Epineurium-perineurium-endoneurium

Commissural tracts: A. extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres B. connect a region of one lobe with another lobe in the same hemisphere C. connect different regions within a lobe D. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere E. link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord

Extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A patient visits her doctor and explains that since being hit on the cheek with a hockeypuck she has been suffereing from dry eye and a dry mouth. It's apparent to the doctor that, since both lacrimal secretion and salivary secretion are affected, there may be damage to the __________ nerve. A. Trigeminal B. hypglossal C. glossopharyngeal D. abducens E. facial

Facial

The largest of the four dural septa, this large, sickle-shaped verticle fold of dura mater seperates the left and right cerebral hemispheres A. diaphragma sellae B. falx cerebelli C. tentorium cerebelli D. superior sagittal sinus E. falx cerebri

Falx cerebelli

The nerve responsible for innervation (movement) of the quadriceps femoris muscle is the _____ nerve. A. femoral B. sciatic C. obturator D. genitofemoral E. tibial

Femoral

Two of the nerves of the lumbar plexus are the: A. femoral and sciatic nerves B. femoral and obturator nerves C. obturator and pudendal nerves D. pudendal and sciatic nerves

Femoral and obturator nerves

What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx? A. conus medullaris B. cervical enlargement C. terminus coccyx D. filum terminale E. coccygeal tendon

Filum terminale

The large section of spinal white matter that is found between the posterior gray horns is known as the posterior: A. commissure B. funiculus C. decussation D. peduncle

Funiculus

The cereberal cortex consists of ______ matter. A. gray B. white

Gray

The ________ is composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions. A. medulla oblongata B. cerebellum C. hypothalamus D. limbic system E. cerebellar peduncle

Limbic system

Interpretation of emotion is governed by the ______, and expression of emotion is governed by the ________. A. hippocampus, hypthalamus B. hypothalamus, hippocampus C. limbic system, prefrontal cortex D. prefrontal cortex, amygdala E. endocrine system, association cortex

Limbic system, prefrontal cortex

Projection tracts: A. extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres B. link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord C. connect different regions within a lobe D. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere E. connect a region of one lobe with another lobe in the same hemisphere

Link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations form the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. What nerve do you suspect to be damaged? A. median nerve B. radial nerve C. musculocutaneous nerve D. ulnar nerve E. axillary nerve

Median Nerve

The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus___________. A. finalis B. medullaris C. equine D. caudalis E. sacralis

Medullaris

Saltatory conduction occurs in: A. myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nobes B. myelinated axons, where action potentials occure only under the myelin sheath C. myelinated axons, where action potentials occur continuously down the entire axon D. unmyelinated axons, where action potentials occur continuously down the entire axon E. the axon terminal, where full size action potentials occur at the hillock.

Myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nobes

A nerve impulse travels fastest along ______ axons of ________ diameter. A. myelinated, small B. unmyelinated, small C. myelinated, large D. unmyelinated, large

Myelinated, large

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the: A. astrocyte B. ependymal cell C. neurolemmocyte D. microglial cell E. oligodendrocyte

Neurolemmosyte

The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the: A. occipital lobe B. temporal lobe C. insula D. parietal lobe E. frontal lobe

Occipital lobe

The cranial nerve responsible for movement of the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique musles is the _______ nerve. A. oculomotor B. trochlear C. abducens D. trigeminal E. hypoglossal

Oculomotor

The cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is the _________ nerve. A. optic B. olfactory C. trigeminal D. oculomotor E. abducens

Olfactory

Which is the most anterior cranial nerve? A. trochlear B. optic C. olfactory D. oculomotor E. accessory

Olfactory

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the: A. astrocyte B. ependymal cell C. neurolemmocyte D. microglial cell E. oligodendrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potentials is due to the prolonged: A. open state of voltage-gated sodium channels B. closure of chemically gated sodium channels C. open state of voltage-gated potassium channels D. closure of voltage-gated potassium channels E. open state of chemically gated sodium channels

Open state of voltage-gated potassium channels

Reflexes are described as: A. slow and spontaneous B. spontaneous and self-initiating C. pre-programmed and voluntary D. rapid and involuntary

Rapid and involuntary

Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the _____ segment of a neuron. A. initial B. receptive C. conductive D. transmissive

Receptive

What is the name of the brainstem sensory area that contains axons that project to the cerebral cortex to arouse us from sleep? A. habenular nucleus B. reticular activating system C. mammillary body D. hippocampus E. parahippocampal gyrus

Reticular activating system

The type of neuronal circuit that ensures that we continue to breathe while asleep is a ___________ circuit. A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. none of the choices is correct

Reverberating

The glial cell that protracts neuron cell bodies located within ganglia is the: A. satellite cell B. ependymal cell C. neurolemmosyte D. astrocyte E. oligodendrocyte

Satellite cell

The largest and longest nerve in the body is the___________ nerve. A. Femoral B. radial C. sciatic D. obturator E. saphenous

Sciatic

Following damage to axons nearby, oligodendrocytes: A. secrete growth factors B. do not secrete any chemicals C. secrete growth-inhibitory molecules D. grow their own fibers to occupy the space

Secrete growth-inhibitory molecules

A posterior root contains: A. sensory axons only B. motor axons only C. a mix of sensory and motor axons D. autonomic nervous system axons

Sensory axons only

The partition between the lateral ventricles is the: A. central canal B. interventricular foramen C. mesencephalic aqueduct D. ventricular canal E. septum pellucidum

Septum pellucidum

The monoamine that has functions related to sleep, appetite, cognition, and mood is: A. dopamine B. serotonin C. norepinephrine D. acetylsholine E. epinephrine

Serotonin

Maintenance of appropriate ion concentration (especially after nerve impulses that involved ion diffusion) is primarily the job of: A. voltage- gated channels B. sodium- potassium pumps C. chemically gated channels D. mechanically gated channels

Sodium- Potassium pumps

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus? A. dendrite B. axon C. soma D. axon hillock E. telodendrion

Soma

The sympathetic trunk ganglia are primarily composed of : A. axons of preganglionic neurons B. axons of postganglionic neurons C. somas of preganglionic neurons D. somas of ganglionic neurons

Somas of ganglionic neurons

Information about temperature, proprioception, and pressure form skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by: A. somatomotor pathways B. visceromotor pathways C. somatosensory pathways D. viscerosensory pathways

Somatosensory pathways

Typically, alpha adrenergic receptors have: A. stimulatory effects B. inhibitory effects

Stimulatory effects

A monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length is a _______ reflex. A. withdrawal B. flexor C. golgi tendon D. stretch E. hypoactive

Stretch

Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid? A. epidural space B. subdural space C. subarachnoid space D. epiarachnoid space E. subpial space

Subarachnoid space

The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called: A. gyri B. sulci C. ventricles D. syncitia

Sulci

The "fight-or-flight" system is the ______ nervous system. A. parasympathetic B. somatic C. sympathetic

Sympathetic

Which division functions to increase alertness and direct bodily responses in stressful situations? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic

Sympathetic

Which type of innervation causes pupil dilation? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic

Sympathetic

Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic

Sympathetic

Which type of innervation causes the heart rate to increase? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic

Sympathetic

Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively? A. parasympathetic nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Consider a basketball player whose heart is racing during the final moments of a game. With seconds on the clock, she makes a jump shot. Her excitement is a function of her _______ nervous system, and her movements are a function of her __________ nervous system. A. parasympathetic, sympathetic B. sympathetic, parasymapathetic C. somatic, sympathetic D. sympathetic, somatic E. somatic, parasympathetic

Sympathetic, somatic

Wallerian degenration involves the breakdown of: A. the segments of axon and myelin sheath between the site of damage and the peripheral effector B. the segments of axon and myelin sheath between the site of damage and the cell body C. the neurilemma both central and peripheral to the site of trauma D. macrophages and microglia that have completed the job of CNS cleanup after trauma

The segments of axon and myelin sheath between the site of damage and the peripheral effector

What do all glial cells have in common? A. they help to transmit the nerve signals B. they transfer blood to the various neurons C. they assist neurons in their respective functions D. they all attack pathogens E. they absorb extra blood and cerebrospinal fluid

They assist neurons in their respective functions

The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the ____ ventricle. A. third B. lateral C. fourth D. median E. falx

Third

Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses. A. transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster B. transmission at both chemical and electrical synapses involve a synaptic delay of approximately 1 millisecond C. transmission at electrical synapse involves a brief synaptic delay, but chemical synapses are faster D. electrical synapses have a constant delay of 1 millisecond, but chemical synaptic delays vary between 0.1 and 0.3 millisecond

Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from his pinky. you suspect that he has damaged the: A. median nerve B. radial nerve C. musculocutaneous nerve D. ulnar nerve E. axillary nerve

Ulnar Nerve

Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along: A. myelinated axons B. dendrites C. unmyelinated axons D. axons in the PNS E. axons in the CNS

Unmyelinated axons

Which cranial nerve is composed of only motor fibers? A. VI B. VIII C. IX D. V E. I

VI

Tear secretions are governed by parasympathetic fibers within which cranial nerve? A. III B. V C. VII D. IX E. X

VII

The cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the _____ nerve. A. facial B. trigeminal C. vagus D. accessory E. hypoglossal

Vagus

Which skills are associated with the right hemisphere for most individuals? A. language and task sequencing B. categorization and symbolization C. visuospatial skills and music D. mathematics and the partitioning of information into small fragments

Visuospatial skills and music

Action potentials are generated by the opening of __________ gated channels and they occur on the _________. A. voltage-,axon B. voltage-, dendrite C. chemically. axon D. chemically, dendrite

Voltage-, axon

Stepping on a piece of glass would most likely invoke a ____ reflex. A. golgi tendon B. withdrawal C. stretch D. pain E. motor

Withdrawal

Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete: A. a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target. B. a specific neurotransmitter that always excites its target C. several types of neurotransmitter simultaneously, all of which excite the cells target. D. several types of neurotransmitter simultaneosly, that are broadcast to excite and inhibit multiple targets. E. several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, that all work to prevent another immediate impulse.

a synaptic neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target

Nicotinic receptors bind: A. acetylcholine and allow chloride ions to exit the cell B. acetylcholine and allow sodium ions to enter the cell C. muscarine and increase the contractility of intestinal muslce D. norepinephrine and can either stimulate or inhibit the cell E. norepinephrine and allow potassium entry, thereby exciting the cell

acetylcholine and allow sodium ions to enter the cell

When ACH binds to nicotinic receptors it: A. always produces an excitatory response B. always produces an inhibitory response C. sometimes excited and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the subtype of receptor D. sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell

always produces an excitatory response

The type of neuronal circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons is a ____________ circuit. A. converging B. diverging C. reverberating D. parallel-after-discharge E. none of the choices is correct

diverging

Catecholamine include: A. acetylcholine, epiephrine, and norepinephrine B. dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine C. acetylcholine, apinephrine, and dopamine D. epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and all monoamines

dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called. A. afferents B. effectors C. stimuli D. visceral

effectors

The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the ________ division. A. autonomic motor B. somatic sensory C. somatic motor D. visceral sensory

somatic motor

The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the _____ division. A. autonomic motor B. somatic sensory C. somatic motor D. visceral sensory

somatic sensory