ch 12

The study of immunity is called ___

immunology

Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped?

agglutination

What is the chief way the body responds to antigens?

complement fixation

Chemical released by macrophages and dendritic cells to activate many other immune cells

cytokines

Cell that produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin)

Plasma cell

How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?

Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies.

Slows or stops B and T cell activity once infection has been conquered

Regulatory T cell

) Located in the wall of the small intestines

Peyer's patches

The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called ____

Peyer's patches

Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?

The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.

What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?

an autograft

A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.

antigen

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from _

blood

Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the ________.

blood vascular system

B cells develop immunocompetence in the __

bone marrow

The third line of defense involves the adaptive response mediated by __

lymphocytes

Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection , Jennifer has now developed ________.

naturally acquired active immunity

Chemical released by natural killer cells to cause cell lysis

perforins

Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called _

precipitation

13) The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is ________.

skin and mucous membranes

9) What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

spleen

Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris

spleen

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity

spleen

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver?

spleen

Chemotaxis is best described as ____

the movement of cells along a chemical gradient

Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat?

tonsils

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes the

tonsils, the appendix, and Peyer's patches

Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?

chills

Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called ___

haptens

Small proteins known as ________ are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected.

interferons

Lymph from the left arm returns to the heart through the _____

left subclavian vein

Sticky substance in the respiratory and digestive passageways that trap microorganisms

mucus

Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?

type I diabetes mellitus

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive __

vaccines

The region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody is called the ________ region.

variable or V

Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species are known as __

xenografts

Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ____

) edema

Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?

AIDS

Engulfs and presents parts of antigens on the membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen

Antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Progeny (clone members) of this cell form plasma cells and memory cells

B cell

Kills virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and is involved in graft rejection

Cytotoxic T cell

Vaccines are NOT for __ A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio

D) snake bites

What does fever accomplish?

Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process.

Binds with a specific antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Helper T cell

Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes? A) IgA B) IgB C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE

IgB

Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as _

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

May exist in the body for years and enable a quick response to subsequent meetings with the same antigen

Memory cell

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ____

T cells

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ____

acute inflammation

The thymus is most active during ________.

adolescence

What structure carries lymph into a lymph node?

afferent lymphatic vessel

Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called

anaphylactic shock

Humoral immunity is provided by __

antibodies

Protein secreted by activated B cells in response to an antigen

antibody

Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?

antibody production

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response

antigen

The major role of ________ cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments.

antigen-presenting

Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?

antihistamines

Where is the thymus located?

beneath sternum overlying heart

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ____

complement fixation

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ____

complement fixation

Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?

constant region

Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called ____

cytotoxic T cells

Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to _______

delayed hypersensitivity

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called __

diapedesis

A tropical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called _______

elephantiasis

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called __

helper T cells

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?

helper T cells

Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be __

immunocompetent

T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered _

immunocompetent

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by __

individual genetic makeup

Small protein that binds with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis and prevent viruses from binding

interferon

What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?

interferons

IgE _______

is involved in allergies

The adaptive (specific) defense system __

issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by

lymph nodes

Antigen-presenting cells behave as __

macrophages

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ___

neutralization

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ___

passive immunity

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called _______

pathogens

Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body's temperature

pyrogen

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the __

right arm

The ________ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax

right lymphatic

Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?

self-antigens

The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ___

stimulate release of lysozyme

Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of __

the body's own cells

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?

the pumping action of the heart

Located overlying the heart

thymus gland

Located in the pharynx (throat)

tonsils

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

tonsils

Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat

tonsils