ch 12
The study of immunity is called ___
immunology
Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped?
agglutination
What is the chief way the body responds to antigens?
complement fixation
Chemical released by macrophages and dendritic cells to activate many other immune cells
cytokines
Cell that produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin)
Plasma cell
How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?
Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies.
Slows or stops B and T cell activity once infection has been conquered
Regulatory T cell
) Located in the wall of the small intestines
Peyer's patches
The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called ____
Peyer's patches
Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?
The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.
What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?
an autograft
A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.
antigen
Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from _
blood
Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the ________.
blood vascular system
B cells develop immunocompetence in the __
bone marrow
The third line of defense involves the adaptive response mediated by __
lymphocytes
Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection , Jennifer has now developed ________.
naturally acquired active immunity
Chemical released by natural killer cells to cause cell lysis
perforins
Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called _
precipitation
13) The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is ________.
skin and mucous membranes
9) What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?
spleen
Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris
spleen
Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
spleen
Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver?
spleen
Chemotaxis is best described as ____
the movement of cells along a chemical gradient
Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat?
tonsils
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes the
tonsils, the appendix, and Peyer's patches
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?
chills
Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called ___
haptens
Small proteins known as ________ are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected.
interferons
Lymph from the left arm returns to the heart through the _____
left subclavian vein
Sticky substance in the respiratory and digestive passageways that trap microorganisms
mucus
Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?
type I diabetes mellitus
Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive __
vaccines
The region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody is called the ________ region.
variable or V
Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species are known as __
xenografts
Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ____
) edema
Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
AIDS
Engulfs and presents parts of antigens on the membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen
Antigen-presenting cell (APC)
Progeny (clone members) of this cell form plasma cells and memory cells
B cell
Kills virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and is involved in graft rejection
Cytotoxic T cell
Vaccines are NOT for __ A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio
D) snake bites
What does fever accomplish?
Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process.
Binds with a specific antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC)
Helper T cell
Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes? A) IgA B) IgB C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE
IgB
Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as _
MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
May exist in the body for years and enable a quick response to subsequent meetings with the same antigen
Memory cell
Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ____
T cells
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ____
acute inflammation
The thymus is most active during ________.
adolescence
What structure carries lymph into a lymph node?
afferent lymphatic vessel
Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called
anaphylactic shock
Humoral immunity is provided by __
antibodies
Protein secreted by activated B cells in response to an antigen
antibody
Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?
antibody production
Any substance capable of provoking an immune response
antigen
The major role of ________ cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments.
antigen-presenting
Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?
antihistamines
Where is the thymus located?
beneath sternum overlying heart
Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ____
complement fixation
The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ____
complement fixation
Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?
constant region
Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called ____
cytotoxic T cells
Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to _______
delayed hypersensitivity
The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called __
diapedesis
A tropical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called _______
elephantiasis
AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called __
helper T cells
What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?
helper T cells
Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be __
immunocompetent
T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered _
immunocompetent
The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by __
individual genetic makeup
Small protein that binds with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis and prevent viruses from binding
interferon
What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?
interferons
IgE _______
is involved in allergies
The adaptive (specific) defense system __
issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances
Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by
lymph nodes
Antigen-presenting cells behave as __
macrophages
The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ___
neutralization
Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ___
passive immunity
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called _______
pathogens
Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body's temperature
pyrogen
The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the __
right arm
The ________ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax
right lymphatic
Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?
self-antigens
The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ___
stimulate release of lysozyme
Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of __
the body's own cells
Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?
the pumping action of the heart
Located overlying the heart
thymus gland
Located in the pharynx (throat)
tonsils
The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.
tonsils
Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat
tonsils