ch 12 blood

The average lifespan of an erythrocyte or red blood cell is approximately

120

Which two conditions can cause anemia?

Deficiency of red blood cells Reduction in hemoglobin

Which of the following cell types is NOT a granulocyte?

Monocytes

ABO blood typing is based upon the presence or absence of certain antigens. List the four possible combinations of these antigens.

Only antigen B present on RBCs Only antigen A present on RBCs Both antigen A and antigen B present on RBCs Neither antigen A nor antigen B present on RBCs

Under which conditions can an Rh-negative woman begin to produce anti-Rh antibodies?

Receiving a transfusion with Rh-positive blood Conceiving and carrying an Rh-positive child

List two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.

Red blood cells Erythrocytes

List three types of formed elements of the blood.

Red blood cells Platelets White blood cells

Indicate two characteristics of granulocytes.

Short life spans, averaging about 12 hours Have granular cytoplasm

Which of the following statements best reflects a plausible reason why red blood cells lose their nucleus during maturation?

The lack of organelles increases the cell's ability to carry more hemoglobin and thus more oxygen.

When blood is fully oxygenated, which of the following statements is TRUE?

The oxyhemoglobin molecule has formed. The blood appears bright red.

List three characteristics of erythrocytes (red blood cells).

They are specialized for carrying oxygen They lack mitochondria They are biconcave discs

Indicate two characteristics of basophils.

They release histamine. They release heparin.

How does erythropoietin (EPO) regulate red blood cell production?

Through negative feedback

What are function(s) of red blood cells?

Transport carbon dioxide Transport oxygen

List four functions of plasma.

Transport gases Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance Transport nutrients and vitamins pH homeostasis

Which process is the first response to a blood vessel injury that is causing blood loss?

Vascular spasm

What distinguishes granulocytes from other types of white blood cells?

Visible granules are present in the cytoplasm

Leukocytes leave the blood vessels by squeezing between the vessel wall cells in a movement called

diapedesis

Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are also known as

erythrocyte

B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce ___ globulins, which are antibodies that protect against bacterial and viral infections.

gamma

What are the categories of leukocytes?

granulocytes and agranulocytes

The term is the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. The typical value for this is about 45%.

hematocrit or HCT

stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to

hematopoietic

Cells called are the hematopoietic stem cells for the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

hemocytoblasts

Sickle cell disease is due to an inherited mutation that changes a single amino acid in the protein

hemoglobin

Which molecule carries oxygen and some carbon dioxide?

hemoglobin

The type of leukocyte that has a lobed nucleus (two to five segments) and fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light pink is called a

neutrophil

List the types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

The three components of the cardiovascular system are the heart, the blood, and the

blood vessels

Blood is a type of tissue composed of an extracellular matrix called plasma surrounding a variety of cells.

connective

Leukocyte is another name for

white blood cell

Which of the following substances would be classified as a component of plasma?

Cellular wastes Proteins Hormones

What is the primary function of the plasma protein called albumin?

Helps to maintain the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma therefore regulating water movement

Which three of the following are characteristics of sickle cell disease

Hemoglobin changes shape under low oxygen conditions Sickled cells block circulation in small vessels it is caused by a mutation in the DNA that codes for hemoglobin

What is the term for a mass of platelets that reduces minor bleeding following injury?

Platelet plug

Which two of the following statements describe fibrinogen?

Plays a key role in blood coagulation Is synthesized in the liver

List two effects of the loss of a nucleus from a red blood cell.

Prevents the cell from dividing in the future Limits self repair

Urea

Product of protein catabolism

Select all that are functions of blood.

Transport nutrients and waste products Transport gases Maintain fluid balance

Blood is classified as what type of tissue?

connective

Indicate the three events that occur when red blood cells are destroyed.

hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin heme is converted into biliverdin and then into bilirubin bilirubin and biliverdin are excreted in bile

Which type of granulocyte typically has the multi-lobed nucleus observed in the micrograph?

neutrophil

The leukocytes called ______ have fine cytoplasmic granules that stain light pink and have nuclei that are lobed.

neutrophils

What is erythropoiesis?

production of red blood cells

Histamine

promotes inflammation

The most abundant solute (dissolved substance) in plasma is the

protein

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen are examples of plasma

proteins

Which type of cell has the shape of a biconcave disc?

red blood cell

True or false: Red blood cells do not undergo mitosis.

true

Which component makes up the greatest percentage of plasma?

water

Which are components of plasma?

water inorganic biochemicals proteins

Which group of plasma proteins is comprised of antibodies?

gamma globulins

s a condition seen in infants that may result from immature liver cells that do not effectively secrete bilirubin into bile

jaundice

Which type of leukocyte is involved in immunity?

lymphocytes

Cells called destroy old red blood cells, primarily in the liver and spleen.

macrophages

Platelets are fragments of large cells called

megakaryocytes

The most important blood gases are and carbon dioxide.

oxygen

Which two gases do red blood cells transport?

oxygen carbon dioxide

When hemoglobin combines with oxygen it forms ______, giving the blood a bright red color. When oxygen is released, the resulting ______ is darker and makes blood appear bluish when its viewed through blood vessel walls.

oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin

The functions of ______ include transport of nutrients and gases, and regulation of pH.

plasma

Within the circulation, ______ is a complex cell-free solution of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases.

plasma

Within the circulation, formed elements are suspended in liquid called

plasma

What is the most abundant solute in plasma?

plasma proteins

Which of the following is not a component of plasma?

platelets

Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called

platelets or thrombocytes

List a function of lymphocytes.

produce antibodies

uric acid

product of nucleic acid catabolism

White blood cells comprise about ______% of the blood volume.

1

Place the major events in red blood cell destruction in order.

1. Macrophage in spleen and liver phagocytize damaged RBC's 2. Hemoglobin from RBC's is decomposed into Heme and Globin 3. heme decomposes into iron 4. some biliverdin becomes bellirubin 5. biliverdin & bilirubin are excreted into bile

Which of the following best describes a vascular spasm?

Short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss

blood cell is shaped as a biconcave disc.

45

Plasma comprises about _____% of the blood's volume.

55

he most common type of blood typing test is based on the presence or absence of which erythrocyte-bound antigens?

A antigens and B antigens

Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?

A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements

Heparin

Anticoagulant

Which of the following donor/recipient pairs would lead to agglutination?

Donor Type B: Recipient Type O

Which two of the following donor/recipient pairs will NOT lead to agglutination?

Donor Type O: Recipient Type A Donor Type A: Recipient Type A

List three factors that affect blood volume.

Electrolyte concentrations Body size Percentage of adipose tissue

What is the name of the process by which red blood cells (but not other blood cell types) are formed?

Erythropoiesis

Which hormone controls the rate of red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin or EPO

True or false: Blood volume in adult males and females is the same.

False

True or false: Red blood cells have abundant mitochondria.

False

True or false: White blood cells and platelets comprise about 90% of the blood volume.

False

Which of the following is the largest (but least abundant) plasma protein?

Fibrinogen

What is the result of the process of coagulation?

Formation of a blood clot

What is the correct term to describe red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, all included together?

Formed elements

refers to the clumping of red blood cells.

agglutination or hemagglutination

is the most abundant plasma protein, it is an important determinant of the osmotic pressure of plasma.

albumin

Leukocytes move through interstitial spaces using ______, a type of self-propulsion.

amoeboid motion

Once outside the blood vessels, leukocytes move through the interstitial spaces using a form of self-propulsion called

amoeboid or ameboid

A generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is called

anemia

If a woman with Type B blood carries a fetus with Type AB blood, there will not be any agglutination of the fetal cells because the

anti-A antibodies are too large to cross the placenta

Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called a(n)

antigen or agglutinogens

The circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels and

blood

The functions of ______ include coagulation (clotting), body defense (leukocytes and antibodies), and the transport of nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

blood

Which is a component of plasma?

clotting proteins