Unit 7

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

implicit; explicit

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

short-term

The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n)

a memory trace

People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of

a mental image.

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates

a recency effect

Negative recall primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates

mood-congruent memory.

In considering the seven sins of memory, transience is to the sin of ________ as suggestibility is to the sin of ________.

proactive interference; retroactive interference

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of

the peg-word system

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

cognition

Effortful processing can occur only with

conscious attention

Automatic processing occurs without

conscious awareness

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to

encoding

Which of the following best describes explicit memories?

include memory for general knowledge

Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

proactive interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called

proactive interference.

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent

rehearsal

In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros," Samantha spells the word aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as

rehearsal

The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by

retrieval failure

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates

semantic encoding

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as

chunking

While in a context similar to one you've been in before, you see a stranger who looks and walks like one of your friends. These circumstances are likely to trigger the experience of

déjà vu.

Marci vividly remembered winning a stuffed animal at a carnival game when she was a child. However, when she mentioned this to her parents, she was told that the event never occurred. Marci's experience may have been influenced by

imagination inflation.

At 17 months of age, Julie says "wada" whenever she wants a drink of water. Julie is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.

one word

A prototype is a

best example of a particular category.

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

essentially unlimited.

As he attempted to spell the word "receive," Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c. " Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of

heuristic

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the

hippocampus

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the

hippocampus

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as

the spacing effect

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.

two word

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on today's test?

How well does the word describe you?

Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by

extrinsic motivation

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of ________ on problem solving.

fixation

Short-term memory is slightly better

for auditory information than for visual information.

Companies are being encouraged to enroll their employees in a 401(k) plan automatically while allowing them to choose to raise their take-home pay by "opting out" of the plan. The previous plan had asked employees to "opt-in" to participate in the plan. Under the "opt-out" rather than "opt-in" system, enrollments in 401(k) plans soared. This best illustrates the impact of

framing

The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown seven nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of

language on thinking.

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates

memory construction

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study found that ________ memories have a limited duration without active processing and rehearsal.

short term

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

an algorithm.

Rochelle is extremely thin but is convinced that she is too fat. Rochelle's certainty is best explained by which of the following concepts?

belief perseverance

The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called

confirmation bias

Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely due to a failure in

encoding

The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to

encoding failure.

Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of

infantile amnesia.

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

intuitions

Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of

memory construction

Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated

misconception effect

The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called

morphemes

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

motivated forgetting.

Research participants who were exposed to very convincing arguments about the desirability of frequent toothbrushing misrecalled how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the preceding two weeks. This best illustrates

motivated forgetting.

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

sensory memory

Many people perceive carjackings as more serious threats to their lives than failing to use seatbelts because carjackings are so much more memorable. This best illustrates the importance of

the availability heuristic.

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by

the body release of stress hormones

Miss Jan De Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of

the representativeness heuristic