Ch 12: Global Nutrition
What are factors that contribute to undernutrition in developing countries?
AIDS; rapid depletion of natural resources such as farmland, fish, and water; poor infrastructure; high external foreign debt; extreme imbalances in the food/population ratio; war and political/civil unrest
True or false: Food and nutrition security emphasize both food and health requirements
True
True or false: Undernutrition in households is more related to politics and socioeconomic trends than the scarcity of food.
True
Which of the following is the best approach to eradicating undernutrition in developing nations? a. have developed countries give direct food aid to underdeveloped countries b. improve the infrastructure of rural regions c. establish large farms d. provide more jobs in urban centers
b. improve the infrastructure of rural regions
What is the Thiamin nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?
beriberi
How can AIDS be transmitted?
blood, semen, vaginal secretions, human milk
What is the poverty-obesity paradox?
cheap high kcal food; overeating; limited knowledge time and resources
Is marasmus chronic or acute?
chronic
food insecurity
condition of anxiety about running out of food or money to buy food
malnutrition
condition of impaired development or function used by deficiency or excess
Why is direct food aid not the best solution to reduce undernutrition in developing countries?
not a long-term solution; drives down local food prices; inappropriate nature of donated foods; creates a dependence on outside sources
What is biotechnology?
the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products; involves various techniques for transferring foreign DNA into an organism that has improved food production and yield for decades; genetic engineering
What are food deserts?
urban neighborhoods and rural towns without access to fresh, healthy, affordable food
What is the Vitamin A nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?
xerophthalmia
__ in 9 people worldwide are malnourished
1
What are the 7 D's of situational poverty
Divorce, Death, Disease, Downsized, Disabled, Disasters, Debt
What organization measures undernutrition around the world?
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
What is the Global Hunger Index (GHI)?
a tool designed to measure and track hunger worldwide
The primary cause of chronic hunger is a. poverty b. lack of technology c. cultural food preferences d. lack of local farms in developing countries
a. poverty
Is Kwashiorkor acute or chronic?
acute
What does the Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI) do?
aims to eliminate food deserts
What is the Riboflavin nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?
ariboflavinosis
What are the four pillars of food security?
availability, access, utilization, stability
What are causes of famine
crop failure, war/political unrest
What are output traits of biotechnology?
plant oils with increased levels of omega 3's and crops that produce pharmaceuticals
What is the Vitamin C nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?
scurvy
What are some strategies to address nutrient deficiencies?
supplementation through pills; fortification through ready-to-use foods and beverages; commonly consumed foods
Nutrition security
Secure access to an appropriately nutritious diet, coupled with a sanitary environment and adequate health services and care
What are the 2 types of poverty?
Situational and generational
Where do the most HIV-positive people live?
Sub-saharan Africa
What three countries do the most undernutrition people live in
Sub-saharan Africa, Southern Asia, Eastern Asia
overnutrition
excess amount of food leading to overconsumption and poor food choices
famine
extreme shortage of food leading to massive starvation in a population
undernurtrition
food supply insufficient to meet needs of a population
What are some initiatives that were established to combat food deserts?
fresh fruit and vegetable programs; Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI); SNAP Double Dollar program
What is the Iodine nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?
goiter
What are input traits of biotechnology?
herbicide tolerance, insect and virus protection, and tolerance to environmental stressors such as drought
What did the green revolution do?
increased crop yields in 1960s; environment exploitation, soil erosion, salinization, desertification, deforestation; water shortages
What are the most common nutrient deficiencies in Afghanistan? What conditions do they lead to?
iron, iodine, vitamin A; which lead to anemia, goiter, and night blindness
What are the most common nutrient deficiencies in the world?
iron, zinc, vitamin A, various B vitamins, idione
What is the Iron nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?
iron-deficiency anemia
What are characteristics of famine
large scale loss of life; climate change; social disruption; economic chaos; worldwide conflict
What is the Folate nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?
megaloblastic anemia
What are some key components to combating malnutrition in developing countries?
need to be community driven; improve wheat porridge and potato dishes for toddlers by adding legume flour, milk, eggs, vegetables, oil; pair complementary proteins; eat grains like wheat, rice, maize; consume legumes
What is the Niacin nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?
pellagra
hunger
physiological state that results when not enough food is eaten to meet energy needs
What is generational poverty?
poverty passed from parents to children; overabundance of unskilled workers; low-paying service jobs; underemployment or unemployment; increase in number of single parent families
Who is at the greatest risk for hunger/starvation?
pregnant women, infants, and children because they have higher nutrition requirements for growth
What is genetic engineering?
recombinant DNA technology; genetically modified organism (GMO) or transgenic organism
What are some general effects of hunger/starvation
reduced energy and strength; diminished concentration; impaired ability to learn; lowered productivity; progression of chronic disease; deterioration of mood; reduced immunity; decreased birth weights; stunted growth in infants and children
What is the Vitamin D nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?
rickets
