Ch 12: Global Nutrition

What are factors that contribute to undernutrition in developing countries?

AIDS; rapid depletion of natural resources such as farmland, fish, and water; poor infrastructure; high external foreign debt; extreme imbalances in the food/population ratio; war and political/civil unrest

True or false: Food and nutrition security emphasize both food and health requirements

True

True or false: Undernutrition in households is more related to politics and socioeconomic trends than the scarcity of food.

True

Which of the following is the best approach to eradicating undernutrition in developing nations? a. have developed countries give direct food aid to underdeveloped countries b. improve the infrastructure of rural regions c. establish large farms d. provide more jobs in urban centers

b. improve the infrastructure of rural regions

What is the Thiamin nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?

beriberi

How can AIDS be transmitted?

blood, semen, vaginal secretions, human milk

What is the poverty-obesity paradox?

cheap high kcal food; overeating; limited knowledge time and resources

Is marasmus chronic or acute?

chronic

food insecurity

condition of anxiety about running out of food or money to buy food

malnutrition

condition of impaired development or function used by deficiency or excess

Why is direct food aid not the best solution to reduce undernutrition in developing countries?

not a long-term solution; drives down local food prices; inappropriate nature of donated foods; creates a dependence on outside sources

What is biotechnology?

the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products; involves various techniques for transferring foreign DNA into an organism that has improved food production and yield for decades; genetic engineering

What are food deserts?

urban neighborhoods and rural towns without access to fresh, healthy, affordable food

What is the Vitamin A nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?

xerophthalmia

__ in 9 people worldwide are malnourished

1

What are the 7 D's of situational poverty

Divorce, Death, Disease, Downsized, Disabled, Disasters, Debt

What organization measures undernutrition around the world?

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

What is the Global Hunger Index (GHI)?

a tool designed to measure and track hunger worldwide

The primary cause of chronic hunger is a. poverty b. lack of technology c. cultural food preferences d. lack of local farms in developing countries

a. poverty

Is Kwashiorkor acute or chronic?

acute

What does the Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI) do?

aims to eliminate food deserts

What is the Riboflavin nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?

ariboflavinosis

What are the four pillars of food security?

availability, access, utilization, stability

What are causes of famine

crop failure, war/political unrest

What are output traits of biotechnology?

plant oils with increased levels of omega 3's and crops that produce pharmaceuticals

What is the Vitamin C nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?

scurvy

What are some strategies to address nutrient deficiencies?

supplementation through pills; fortification through ready-to-use foods and beverages; commonly consumed foods

Nutrition security

Secure access to an appropriately nutritious diet, coupled with a sanitary environment and adequate health services and care

What are the 2 types of poverty?

Situational and generational

Where do the most HIV-positive people live?

Sub-saharan Africa

What three countries do the most undernutrition people live in

Sub-saharan Africa, Southern Asia, Eastern Asia

overnutrition

excess amount of food leading to overconsumption and poor food choices

famine

extreme shortage of food leading to massive starvation in a population

undernurtrition

food supply insufficient to meet needs of a population

What are some initiatives that were established to combat food deserts?

fresh fruit and vegetable programs; Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI); SNAP Double Dollar program

What is the Iodine nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?

goiter

What are input traits of biotechnology?

herbicide tolerance, insect and virus protection, and tolerance to environmental stressors such as drought

What did the green revolution do?

increased crop yields in 1960s; environment exploitation, soil erosion, salinization, desertification, deforestation; water shortages

What are the most common nutrient deficiencies in Afghanistan? What conditions do they lead to?

iron, iodine, vitamin A; which lead to anemia, goiter, and night blindness

What are the most common nutrient deficiencies in the world?

iron, zinc, vitamin A, various B vitamins, idione

What is the Iron nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?

iron-deficiency anemia

What are characteristics of famine

large scale loss of life; climate change; social disruption; economic chaos; worldwide conflict

What is the Folate nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?

megaloblastic anemia

What are some key components to combating malnutrition in developing countries?

need to be community driven; improve wheat porridge and potato dishes for toddlers by adding legume flour, milk, eggs, vegetables, oil; pair complementary proteins; eat grains like wheat, rice, maize; consume legumes

What is the Niacin nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?

pellagra

hunger

physiological state that results when not enough food is eaten to meet energy needs

What is generational poverty?

poverty passed from parents to children; overabundance of unskilled workers; low-paying service jobs; underemployment or unemployment; increase in number of single parent families

Who is at the greatest risk for hunger/starvation?

pregnant women, infants, and children because they have higher nutrition requirements for growth

What is genetic engineering?

recombinant DNA technology; genetically modified organism (GMO) or transgenic organism

What are some general effects of hunger/starvation

reduced energy and strength; diminished concentration; impaired ability to learn; lowered productivity; progression of chronic disease; deterioration of mood; reduced immunity; decreased birth weights; stunted growth in infants and children

What is the Vitamin D nutrient deficiency disease commonly associated with undernutrition?

rickets