Ch. 12 Practice Questions
Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ____________. a. T cells b. B cells c. plasma cells d. antigen-presenting cells e. antibodies pg. 421
a. T cells
Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true? a. T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defense b. T lymphocytes (T cells) produce antibodies c. T lymphocytes (T cells) activate lymphocytes that respond to specific antigens d. T lymphocytes (T cells) can target specific extracellular antigens e. T lymphocytes (T cells) oversee humoral immunity pg. 412
a. T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defense
Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? a. allergic contact dermatitis b. multiple sclerosis c. Graves' disease d. type I diabetes mellitus e. rheumatoid arthritis pg. 427
a. allergic contact dermatitis
What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue? a. an autograft b. a graft from a recently deceased individuals c. a graft from another primate d. a xenograft e. an allograft pg. 415
a. an autograft
What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly? a. cytotoxic T cells b. regulatory T cells c. antigen-presenting cells d. helper T cells pg. 421
a. cytotoxic T cells
What does fever accomplish? a. fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process b. fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack c. fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms d. fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues e. fever prevents the formation of complement fixation pg. 410
a. fever inhibits reproduction and speeds the repair process
What are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective called? a. haptens b. antibodies c. pyrogens d. interferons pg. 412
a. haptens
What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens? a. helper T cells b. cytotoxic T cells c. regulatory T cells d. killer T cells e. suppressor T cells pg. 424
a. helper T cells
Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by _______. a. lymph nodes b. tonsils c. the spleen d. thymus pg. 400
a. lymph nodes
What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)? a. lymphocytes b. antigens c. mucous membrane d. pathogens pg. 404, 412
a. lymphocytes
Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed __________. a. naturally acquired active immunity b. artificially acquired active immunity c. naturally acquired passive immunity d. artificially acquired passive immunity e. passively acquired natural immunity pg. 416, 417
a. naturally acquired active immunity
From what part of body does the right lymphatic duct collects lymph? a. right arm b. right leg c. left leg d. left side of the head e. right and left legs pg. 400
a. right arm
Where are the tonsils located? a. throat (pharynx) b. small intestine c. large intestine d. overlying the heart e. left side of the abdominal cavity pg. 403
a. throat (pharynx)
Located overlying the heart. a. thymus gland b. Peyer's patches c. tonsils d. spleen pg. 403
a. thymus gland
All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins. a. true b. false pg. 400
a. true
Anaphylactic shock, an acute systemic allergic response, causes vasodilation and difficulty breathing. a. true b. false pg. 426
a. true
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen. a. true b. false pg. 417
a. true
Antigen presentation is essential for the activation of clonal selection of T cells. a. true b. false pg. 421
a. true
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf antigens and present them to cells that will deal with them. a. true b. false pg. 414
a. true
Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites. a. true b. false pg. 417
a. true
Autoimmune disease arises when the immune system is no longer tolerant of self-antigens and antibodies are produced to attack the body's own tissues. a. true b. false pg. 427
a. true
B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) play an important role in the adaptive defense system? a. true b. false pg. 412
a. true
Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens. a. true b. false pg. 410
a. true
Cytotoxic T cells release perforins to create pores in the target cell's membrane to kill the cell. a. true b. false pg. 421
a. true
Intact keratinized epidermis and mucous membranes are strong mechanical barriers to most microorganisms and serve as the body's first line of defense. a. true b. false pg. 404, 405, 406
a. true
The innate (nonspecific) defense and adaptive (specific) defense system make up the immune system. a. true b. false pg. 403, 404
a. true
The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. a. true b. false pg. 410
a. true
The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination. a. true b. false pg. 419
a. true
The role of the spleen in the lymphatic system is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance. a. true b. false pg. 402-403
a. true
Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________. a. vaccines b. serum c. antivenom d. antitoxin pg. 416
a. vaccines
What is the origin of the lymphatic system? a. veins of the blood vascular system b. organs of the digestive system c. arteries of the blood vascular system d. the glands of the endocrine system pg. 429
a. veins of the blood vascular system
Which of the following is NOT a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)? a. virus b. B lymphocytes c. macrophages d. dendritic cells pg. 414
a. virus
What are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species called? a. xenografts b. autografts c. allografts d. isografts pg. 425
a. xenografts
Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________. a. lymph nodes b. MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue c. germinal centers d. lymphatics pg.403
b. MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped? a. opsonization b. agglutination c. neutrilization d. precipitation e. phagocytosis pg. 419
b. agglutination
Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses? a. intact skin b. antibody production c. the inflammatory response d. fever e. natural killer cells pg. 404
b. antibody production
Which of the following is often used to treat allergies? a. vaccines b. antihistamines c. blood transfusions d. bone marrow transplants e. immunosuppresor drugs pg. 426
b. antihistamines
Where do B cells develop immunocompetence? a. thymus gland b. bone marrow c. spleen d. thyroid gland e. lymph nodes pg. 413
b. bone marrow
Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________. a. axillary lymph nodes b. cervical lymph nodes c. tonsils d. Peyer's patches e. inguinal lymph nodes pg. 401
b. cervical lymph nodes
Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of _______. a. interferon b. complement fixation c. natural killer cells d. keratin e. phagocytes pg. 410
b. complement fixation
The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ______. a. cellular immunity ( cellular-mediated immunity) b. complement fixation c. positive chemotaxis d. diapedesis pg. 409-410
b. complement fixation
Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses. a. true b. false pg. 426
b. false
As people age, they become more resistant to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases. a. true b. false pg. 431
b. false
B cells become immunocompetent in the thymus. a. true b. false pg. 412, 413
b. false
One result of fever is the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) which produces holes, or pores , in the foreign cell's surface. a. true b. false pg.410
b. false
The constant region of the antibody joins heavy and light chains to form an antigen-binding site specifically made to an antigen. a. true b. false pg. 417-418
b. false
The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils. a. true b. false pg. 407-408
b. false
The lymph nodes filter bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells from blood on its way back to the heart. a. true b. false pg. 400
b. false
The most important function of the thymus gland is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver. a. true b. false pg. 403
b. false
The two main structures of the lymphatic system are the lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels. a. true b. false pg. 398
b. false
Xenografts are ideal donor organs or tissues since they rarely cause rejection. a. true b. false pg. 425
b. false
The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by _________. a. individual exposure to the specific foreign substance b. individual genetic makeup c. the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time d. the total number of macrophages at a given time e. the total number of self-antigens at a given time pg. 414
b. individual genetic makeup
The adaptive (specific) defense system ____________. a. is an innate defense b. issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances c. includes the skin and mucous membranes d. is the body's first line of defense against the invading pathogens e. provides mechanical barriers to the body pg. 404
b. issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances
Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the _______. a. respiratory system b. lymphatic system c. endocrine system d. immune system pg. 399
b. lymphatic system
Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph? a. trabeculae b. macrophages c. follicles d. erythrocytes e. lymphocytes pg. 401
b. macrophages
What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir? a. thymus b. spleen c. appendix d. tonsils e. Peyer's patches pg. 402-403
b. spleen
Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver? a. tonsils b. spleen c. thymus gland d. appendix e. Peyer's patches pg. 402
b. spleen
Which blood vessels receive lymph from the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct? a. inferior vena cava b. subclavian veins c. external jugular veins d. subclavian arteries e. aorta pg. 400
b. subclavian veins
Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis? a. the movement of neutrophils through capillary walls b. the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules c. the dilation of blood vessels, which causes local edema d. the release of a lytic chemical by perforins e. the limitation of joint movement pg. 406
b. the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules
What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody? a. regional or R region b. variable or V region c. constant or C region d. stable or S region pg. 417
b. variable or V region
Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called __________. a. myasthenia gravis b. rheumatic fever c. anaphylactic shock d. delayed hypersensitivity pg. 426
c. anaphylactic shock
A(n) _________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response? a. interferon b. antibody c. antigen d. pyrogen pg. 410, 412
c. antigen
What is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells? a. agglutination b. chemotaxis c. complement fixation d. neutrilization e. precipitation pg. 419
c. complement fixation
Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class? a. variable region b. heavy chain c. constant region d. disulfide bonds e. light chain pg. 417, 418
c. constant region
Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to _____. a. immediate hypersensitivity b. acute hypersensitivity c. delayed hypersensitivity d. anaphylactic shock e. immunodeficiency
c. delayed hypersensitivity
The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________. a. agglutination b. chemotaxis c. diapedesis d. coagulation e. antibody production pg. 407
c. diapedesis
Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called a. stroke b. shock c. edema d. MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) pg. 399
c. edema
All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the _______. a. spleen b. liver c. heart d. pancreas pg. 399
c. heart
What inhibits viruses fro entering and attacking healthy cells? a. membrane-attack complexes (MAC) b. keratin c. interferons d. pyrogens e. complement pg. 410
c. interferons
What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected? a. haptens b. pyrogens c. interferons d. antigens pg. 410
c. interferons
Which of the following is NOT one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)? a. tonsils b. appendix c. lymph nodes d. Peyer's patches pg. 403
c. lymph nodes
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________. a. interferon b. T cells c. macrophages d. antigens e. histamine pg. 414
c. macrophages
Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body? a. macrophages b. antibodies c. pathogens d. allergens pg. 404
c. pathogens
Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called ________. a. neutralization b. complement fixation c. precipitation d. agglutination pg. 419
c. precipitation
Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response? a. pollen grains b. bacteria c. self-antigens d. fungi e. virus particles pg. 412
c. self antigens
What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms? a. phagocytes b. natural killer cells c. skin and mucous membranes d. inflammatory response e. fever pg. 404, 405, 406
c. skin and mucous membranes
The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. dilate blood vessels b. attract neutrophils to the area c. stimulate the release of lysozyme d. cause capillaries to become leaky e. activate pain receptors pg. 406-407
c. stimulate the release of lysozyme
What are T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) self-tolerant of? a. fungi b. foreign blood cells c. the body's own cells d. viruses e. bacteria pg. 413
c. the body's own cells
Which of the following is NOT applicable to the third line of defense? a. this system recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances b. humoral immunity is provided by antibodies in the body's fluid c. the injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease d. immunity in this system is not restricted to the initial infection site e. this system recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens pg. 411
c. the injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart? a. milking action of skeletal muscles b. pressure changes within the thorax c. the pumping action of the heart d. smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels e. presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels pg. 400
c. the pumping action of the heart
Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth? a. Peyer's patches b. lymph nodes c. thymus d. spleen e. tonsils pg. 403
c. thymus
The role of the _______ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat. a. thymus b. spleen c. tonsils d. lymph node pg. 403
c. tonsils
Traps and removes bacteria and pathogens entering the throat. a. thymus gland b. Peyer's patches c. tonsils d. spleen pg. 403
c. tonsils
Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier? a. IgA b. IgM c. IgD d. IgG e. IgE pg. 418
d. IgG
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________. a. fever b. dehydration c. edema d. acute inflammation pg. 406
d. acute inflammation
Humoral immunity is provided by _______. a. pyrogens b. skin and mucous membrane c. interferon d. antibodies e. complement fixation pg. 411
d. antibodies
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response? a. redness b. heat c. swelling d. chills e. pain pg. 406, 407
d. chills
AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called _________. a. antigen-presenting cells b. plasma cells c. memory cells d. helper T cells pg. 427, 428-429
d. helper T cells
Which system is a functional system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, that consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanisms? a. respiratory system b. lymphatic system c. endocrine system d. immune system e. cardiovascular system pg. 403
d. immune system
T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ___________. a. clones b. complement c. self-tolerant d. immunocompetent pg. 413
d. immunocompetent
The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful affects is called ___________. a. agglutination b. chemotaxis c. complement fixation d. neutralization e. precipitation pg. 419
d. neutralization
Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ______. a. cellular or cell-mediated immunity b. active immunity c. natural immunity d. passive immunity pg. 416
d. passive immunity
How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity? a. plasma cells reproduce rapidly to crowd pathogens out of the blood b. plasma cells bind to viruses and bacteria to immobilize them c. plasma cells produce interferons d. plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies e. plasma cells secrete pyrogens pg. 415-416
d. plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies
For which of the following would a vaccine NOT be suitable? a. pneumonia b. tetanus c. measles d. snake bites e. polio pg. 416, 417
d. snake bites
Destroys worn-out blood cells and returns some of their break-down products to the liver. a. thymus gland b. Peyer's patches c. tonsils d. spleen pg. 403
d. spleen
Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. a. thymus gland b. Peyer's patches c. tonsils d. spleen pg. 402
d. spleen
Which state is true of antibody IgE? a. IgE is mainly found is secretions such as tears and saliva b. IgE is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy c. IgE is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma d. IgE can fix complement e. IgE is involved in allergies pg. 419
e. IgE is involved in allergies
Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________. a. cytosol b. cerebrospinal fluid c. saliva d. tears e. blood pg. 398
e. blood
Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies? a. the constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies of a given class b. the constant regions from the "stem" of an antibody c. the constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed d. the constant regions form an antigen-binding site e. the constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role pg. 417
d. the constant regions form an antigen-binding site
Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have? a. multiple sclerosis b. Graves' disease c. myasthenia gravis d. type I diabetes mellitus e. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pg. 427
d. type I diabetes
