Ch. 12 the dynamic planet

There are two types of time, which are _____ and ______

Absolute and relative

At which of the following locations does subduction occur?

Along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates.

List four evidences Wegener used to prove his hypothesis _____,______, _______, and _____.

Coastlines, fossils, rock types/ mountain belts, and ancient climates

Convergent plates boundaries are characteristics of

Collision zones between plates

In 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist, Alfred Wegener first proposed the ______ hypothesis about the earth's landmass migration.

Continental drift

List three types of plate boundaries ______, ______, and _____.

Convergent, divergent, and transform

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the earth, from the surface to the center?

Crust, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale, from smallest to largest?

Eon, era, period, epoch

Radioactivity dating only can be used to measure relative time.

False

Since the core's mass is about the third of Earth's entire mass, the value of the core is also of one third of the Earth's entire volume.

False

The density of material below the Moho is less than the heat above it.

False

The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust.

False

Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of Earth's surface?

Gravity, the act of wind water and ice, the radioactive decay of Atoms, and all of the above

The decay rate is expressed as____, the time required for one half of the unstable atoms in a sample to decay into "Daughter" isotopes.

Half-life

The youngest epoch in the geologic time scale is ________

Holocene

The transportation and deposition of materials by media powered by solar energy is the

Hydrologic cycle

Three basic rock types are ____(fire-formed, molten),____ (from settling out), and ______ (transformed from any other rock through extreme heat or pressure).

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from

Indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves

Earth's magnetic field

Is variable, and has phased to zero some nine times during the past 4 million years

The principles of buoyancy and balance, when applied to earth's crust, helps us to explain fluctuations in earth's outer crust, a property known as

Isostatic adjustment

Which of the following is true of the asthenosphere?

It contains pockets of increased heat, it flows, it carries the lithospheric plates, all of the above are true

Which later of planet forms 80% of earth's total volume, and has and average density of 4.5 g/cm3.

Mantle

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, from bottom to top?

Mental; upper mantle; asthenosphere

Two most abundant chemical elements in earth's crust are ____ and _____.

Oxygen and silicon

Wegener used _____ to name a supercontinent approximately 225 million years ago.

Pangea

The asthenosphere can be described as

Plastic like

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Radioactive decay heat exogenic energy source

Several large, linear lakes are formed in East Africa. This is evidence of what process?

Rifting

Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of

Sea-floor spreading centers

The earth's dominant materials are ___ and _____

Silica and Iron

When geologist or archaeologist dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time". This fact is based on the principle of ____

Superposition

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface by the

Tectonic cycle

The geologic cycle is composed of three subsystems: _____,______, and _______

Tectonic cycle, rock cycle, and hydrologic cycle.

Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating?

The coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibob formation

Which of the following statements about the Earth's core is not true?

The inner core is believed to be liquid in the outer core solid

Depth of earthquake focus increases with increasing distance from ocean trench.

True

Earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density.

True

Ocean floor subduction under continents because the ocean floor is denser than continental material.

True

The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of a plume of magma from the mantle.

True

The Moho mirrors the surface topography, I.e., high places in the surface of the earth overlies areas in which the Moho descends to greater depths, and versa.

True

The age of the sea flirt increases with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge.

True

The fluid outer core generates 90% of Earth's magnetic field.

True

The magnetic stripes found around mid-Atlantic ridge were due to magnetic reversal.

True

Uniformitarianism assumes that the same physical processes we see today are a key to understand the process that have been operating throughout the geologic time.

True

Which of the following is an endogenic process?

Volcanism

Which of the following are locating along the mid-ocean ridge?

Volcanoes

Which of the following is an exogenic process?

Weathering

The oceanic crust thickness is about_____km, and the average continental crust thickness is __km

5, 30