Ch. 13-16
Preexisting chants formed the basis for __________________________
early polyphony
The Western tradition has become popular and distinctive because of its potential for ___________________________.
layered complexity
Contact with Eastern cultures and developments in feudal social structure spawned new ideas about ________,________, and _____
life, art, and beauty
Word painting
madrigalisms; music directly reflects the meaning of the words
In Ancient Greece (Pythagoras) music aligned with ___________________
mathematics
In medieval times, music aligned with ________________, ________________, and __________________; and apar of the Quadrivium
mathematics, geometry, and astronomy
In predominantly Muslim communities, a public call to prayer is sung from the______________, a tower on the mosque, by a prayer leader called a muezzin.
minaret
Spontaneous social singing among friends is often _____________________, such as "Happy Birthday."
monophonic
Polyphony also known as
multivoiced music
Religious wars (the Crusades) and medieval explorations enabled an exchange of ____________________ and ___________________ about music with Middle Eastern and Far Eastern cultures.
musical instruments and theoretical ideas
Aristocratic poet-musicians were known as
troubadours
What were aristocratic poet-musicians known as in Southern France?
troubadours
What were aristocratic poet-musicians known as in Northern France?
trouvères
Organum is the earliest type of polyphony that consisted of what?
two-, three-, or four voice parts sung in fixed rhythmic patterns (rhythmic modes)
Which one thing was always clear: in madrigals?
the words and music clearly linked
Western tradition emphasizes the ____________ and ______________ of simultaneous musical lines
creation and coordination
What was the Il bianco e dolce cigno about
death of both a swan and the narrator (double meaning of death)
Hildegard's song is not __________________ chant, since is not part of the established sanctioned repertory. Her practice of writing new praise songs was _________________
"Gregorian" ; controversial
_________________ used for worship, distinct from "music"; used in their worship or religious rituals
"intoned speech"
Religious communities are called?
(monasteries)
Fixed text forms
(rondeau, ballade, virelai)
How many times do Muslims pray?
5 times daily
A call to prayer also known as _______
Adhan
What are the 3 parts of Alleluia, O virga mediatrix?
Alleluia (sung by all) Verse (sung by single leader) Alleluia (sung by all)
Which composer worked as a singer in the Sistine Chapel choir?
Arcadelt
___________ wrote music for amateur performers.
Arcadelt
Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300-1377) was the foremost composer of the _________________
Arns Nova
Guillaume de Machaut was a poetcomposer of the
Ars nova (new art)
New complexities of rhythm, meter, harmony, and counterpoint
Ars nova early 1300s in France
Adhan (call to prayer) was followed by the ___________________________
Blessings on the Prophet
The forefront of evolution
Cathedral of Notre Dame
_____________________________ were often simpler and lighter in style than their Italian counterparts.
English madrigals
______________________________ features a pastoral text, lively rhythms, and good humor. The poem tells of a shepherdess being pursued by her lover, and ends happily and amorously; As social music, written for friends to sing together delighting in the tale.
Fair Phyllis (LG3) - by John Farmer
Ars nova appeared in __________ and soon thereafter in _________.
France; Italy
_____________________________ was the daughter of a noble german couple who promised her (as 10th child) to the service of the church as a tithe.
Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
_____________________________ opens with two voices singing in a rhythmic mode (a fixed pattern of long and short notes) opmode over a sustained bottom voice, taken from chant.;Bottom voice taken from chant; Style of Perotin, highly melismatic
Gaude Maria virgo (LG3)
In Notre Dame polyphony, _______________________ was used as a foundation, atop which were added decorative upper voices; chant moved along in long, sustained notes, and was no longer recognizable as a melody.
Gregorian chant
_________________ was a poet composer of the French Ars nova (new art) who wrote sacred music and polyphonic chansons (secular songs) set to fixed text forms (rondeau, ballade, virelai).
Guillaume de Machaut
French court musician, also cleric; a prolific composer of both secular and sacred music; He took Holy orders at young age
Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300-1377)
Alleluia, O virga mediatrix (late twelfth century - written for a feast day honoring the Virgin Mary, and the text compares her to a blossoming flower or branch. Who was this by?
Hildegard
From age eight she lived in a stone cell with one window, and took her vows to become a nun at age fourteen. Also experienced visions up to adulthood. Who was this?
Hildegard
In 1150 founded a monastery (in Rupertsberg, Germany); Miracles and prophecies made her famous; Wrote poems (compositional style expressions)
Hildegard
________________________ was a composer, as well as head of a monastery in a small town in western Germany.
Hildegard of Bingen
Intended for amateurs, easy to sing, moved in homorhythm; the words were clear, and there was very subtle word-painting
Il bianco e dolce cigno
This text sung by a mixed group of men and women, one per part, and in domestic settings; Chamber music, one per part, each reading from a part book
Il bianco e dolce cigno
What was Arcadelt's first book of madrigals?
Il bianco e dolce cigno (the white and sweet swan)
The Adhan is the ______ call to prayer.
Islamic
During the reign of Elizabeth I, English composers developed the _____________________ into a native art form; some texts included humorous nonsense
Italian madrigal
The __________________ was the most important secular genre of the 16th C, and was a favorite diversion for cultivated amateurs.
Italian madrigal
_______________________ was an early master of the Italian madrigal; linking music and lyric poetry
Jacques Arcadelt
His first book of madrigals (1538) was the most widely reprinted collection of the time; became influential once he moved to Italy; working in both Florence and Rome
Jacques Arcadelt (c. 1507-1568)
____________________________ put together existing technologies to create a printing press; Produced 1st printed book in West, The Bible
Johannes Gutenberg
English madrigals wrote by?
John Farmer
______________ was one of the most important English madrigal composers.
John Farmer
__________________ an active Irish composer before moving to England; his madrigals were lighthearted and clever, and exemplified a truly native art form.
John Farmer
Who is associated with the Chanson?
Josquin and Arcadelt
Which prayer for mercy is taken from the Central Mediterranean Christian tradition?
Kyrie (based on greek prayer)
A Notre Dame polyphonic leader, is credited with compiling the Magnus liber organi (Great book of organum).
Leonin and successor Perotin
______ is the set order of services and structure of each service.
Liturgy
What did aristocratic poet-musicians write about?
Love songs, laments, political songs, and chronicles of the Crusades
____________ was the leader of the Notre Dame School.
Léonin
What was Machaut's chanson called?
Ma fin est mon commencement
Farmer and Arcadelt are associated with the
Madrigal
______________ poetry often used double meanings.
Madrigal
_______________ feature expressive text setting, word-painting, and multiple meanings; usually short poems full of emotional words; wide range of tops
Madrigals
This book contained music for the entire church year, in the new polyphonic style. Leonin's successor, Perotin, expanded the number of voice parts for organum to three and then four.
Magnus liber organi
Who launched the Reformation?
Martin Luther
A Mass in which the texts vary from day to day throughout the church year, depending on the feast being celebrated is known as the _______________
Mass Proper
A series of services celebrated in religious communities at various hours of the day is known as the Offices
Mass Proper
The text for the _______________ changes every day of the year.
Mass Proper
Hildegard lived during
Middle Ages
Monasteries largely shaped the rise of culture during the
Middle Ages
The fall of the Roman Empire marks the beginning of the
Middle Ages
Throughout the __________________________ information transmitted orally; few could read and write, if book desired it'd have to be hand-copied (by a monk)
Middle Ages
Virgin Mary was the most idealized woman in Western culture during the __________________
Middle Ages.
What did the Europeans bring back with them after the violent episodes from the Crusades (religious wars)
Military tactics, the Arabic number system (1, 2, 3, 4 instead of I, II, III, IV), and advances in medical and scientific knowledge
A sacred work with a Latin text, for use in the Mass and other religious services, is known as a ____________
Motet
The trouvères were poet-musicians who flourished in ______________________
North of France
______________ required greater notational precision than monophony(esp. with pitch and rhythm; Was preceded by improvised polyphony; Organum grew out of custom of improvising a second voice with Gregorian melody
Notated polyphony
Who exemplifies the increasingly international profile of late-sixteenth-century composers?
Orlande de Lassus
______ mastered the art of printing polyphonic music.
Ottaviano Petrucci
_______________________ developed polyphony music printing; very expensive books
Ottaviano Petrucci
Which composer is associated with the Counter-Reformation?
Palestrina
_____ is the music of the early Christian church.
Plainchant
_________________ features monophonic, nonmetric melodies set in one of the church modes, or scales
Plainchant
What was the music of the early Christian church called?
Plainchant or just Plainchant
Organum is the earliest ______ music.
Polyphonic
_______________________, originally improvised and eventually notated, is an essential feature of the Western musical tradition.
Polyphony (multivoiced music)
Johannes Gutenberg was a pioneer in _________, one of the major advancements in the Renaissance.
Printing
What was an agent for social change increasing literacy
Printing and reading
Islam is centered on the__________, the sacred text presenting the word of God as transmitted to the Prophet Muhammad by the Archangel Gabriel.
Quran
Who fostered the extensive development of worship music, starting in the Middle Ages?
Religious communities (monasteries)
Both professional and amateur music making expanded in the _____________ through secular vocal and instrumental genres.
Renaissance
The ________ first flourished in Italy.
Renaissance
______________ & _______________ challenge our current understanding
Riddles and puzzles
Latin was the language of the ____________________________________
Roman Catholic Church.
____________________ is a shared feature among many world cultures, allowing for a more intense personal and collective connection with the divine.
Sung worship
What are the 3 categories that chant melodies fall into?
Syllabic, neumatic, and melismatic - based on how many notes are set to each syllable of text
What is the primary (and most solemn) ritual of the Roman Catholic Church?
The Mass
What are the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei?
The prayers of the Ordinary Mass set to music
What is an aristocratic poet-musicians favorite topic to write about?
Unrequited love
Who does Hildegard celebrate in some of her songs?
Virgin Mary
Arab musical instruments became models for _________________ instruments
Western
What did the Ma fin est mon commencement employ?
a palindromic form and an enigmatic text to display compositional craft and challenge the listener
One of the most widespread purposes of music throughout the world is to connect to ___________________, and medieval Europe was no different.
a spiritual power
A performance style that alternates between two groups is known as ______________
antiphonal
France is associated with the
chanson
In the secular realm, Machaut favored _____________
chansons
Secular songs
chansons
The Quran is _____________, not read, and this chanting is governed by established oral traditions.
chanted
Western culture has developed a tradition of social part songs, in which separate _______________________________________________
musical lines combine into a harmonious whole
Ars nova
new art
In the Middle Ages, Paris's Cathedral of Notre Dame was a center for ________________
organum
Gaude Maria virgo alternates ________________________ with ________________________
polyphonic music (sung by soloists); monophonic chant (sung by the choir)
Men and women in the Middle Ages who devoted themselves to the monastic life were withdrawn from secular society, spending their days doing what?
praying, preaching, performing acts of charity, and pursuing scholarship some were "given" to church as children
Performing a chant, featuring alternation between the choir and a leader, is called ______________
responsorial
Ars nova (New Art, as opposed to Ars antiqua, old art) that appeared in France featured new complexities of __________, _________, _________, and __________
rhythm, meter, harmony, and counterpoint
Gaude Maria virgo ended with two voices singing in a __________________
rhythmic
The madrigal was the most important ____________ genre
secular
word "death" in Italy referred to what?
sexual climax
Instead of a text about love, Ma fin est mon commencement is enigmatic, especially its refrain "my end is my beginning and my beginning my end". The music supports this puzzle via _____________________________________
structural palindromes
The Crusades were a series of religious wars waged Western Europeans trying to win back ________________ from Muslims
the Holy land of Palestine
During the Renaissance period, Two secular genres arose as favorites for domestic music making: ____________________ and _____________________
the chanson in France and the madrigal in Italy
Religious wars (Crusades) and medieval explorations enabled _________ Middle Eastern and Far Eastern cultures.
the exchange of instruments and theoretical ideas about music with
What does the expressive music of Hildegard of Bingen exemplify?
the tension between an individual, creative response to divine inspiration and community expectations of worship
Growth of amateur musicians making music at home consisted of
vocal, instrumental, or a mixture of the two. Most prosperous homes had at least one instrument
Farmer and his English composers adopted the Italian practice of _____________________, enlivening the story.
word painting
What were religious duties?
work in the fields or library, or with producing items that could be sold in order to bring revenue to the order. Many were dedicated to writing and gaining knowledge from earlier times
This music is monophonic in texture
worship music
