Ch. 13 cardiovascular
What is the normal blood pressure range?
120/80 mmHg
How many times will the human heart beat during the average lifetime of 68 years?
2.6 billion times
What is the equation to find the maximum pulse? Who is this equation used by and why?
220-age. This equation is used by trainers /personal coaches to determine what you should be exercising at in order to get fit and get your heart to beat efficiently over the period of the exercise.
What do larger arterioles have in common with arteries?
3 similar layers
What is the rate of the purkinje fibers?
40 beats per minute
What is the rate of the A-V nodes?
40-60 beats per minute
How many beats per minute does the heart produce in a resting state? What can affect this amount?
40-90. Fit/athletic people tend to have a lower resting pulse. Inactive people may have a higher one though because the heart is working harder to pump blood to muscles that need it because it (the heart) may be enclosed by too much fatty tissue, restricting its ability to contract
What is the rate that the S-A node has the atria contract per minute?
60-100 times
What type of EKG is this?
Abnormal at rest. Tachycardia (heart beating faster)
How do impulses from the parasympathetic nervous system function in regulating heart rate?
All these are components of the brain which stimulate emotions. Emotions cause the heart to be faster causing greater output of the heart. For ex. if you're nervous about a first date your heart beats faster
What is the function of the chordae tendinae?
Allows for the bicuspid and tricuspid valve to anchor to the papillary muscle. When the papillary contract it allows for the tendinae to close up the valves in order to prevent a back flow of blood, so that the blood continues to flow in one direction
What are saturated fat examples?
Animal products (red meat, poultry, butter, whole milk) coconut, palm and other tropical oils. Body can break down saturated fats as long as it's not in large quantity's at one time or else the body will become overwhelmed and not be able to break these up
Where are there more capillaries and why?
Areas that cells are doing a lot of breaking down and building up (metabolism). There are more capillaries in these areas because they need 02 (which the capillaries have in the blood) in order to undergo cellular respiration so that they can produce ATP to undergo their metabolic processes
What are the general blood vessels?
Arteries and Veins
What does the P stand for?
Atrial systole. Depolarization (same thing as systole and contraction) of the atria. Atrial contraction is initiated by the S-A node impulse
Why do the veins have a larger lumen?
Because it is carrying more blood back to the heart
Why is the middle tunic of the veins poorly developed?
Because it is not as thick or developed so it does not have the ability to constrict or dilate the same way the artery is able to because of its lack of smooth muscle tissue.
Why doesn't the pulmonary artery work at high pressures?
Because it is only sending blood to the lungs which is a very short distance from the heart, so it doesn't need as much force
Why is the left side of the heart thicker?
Because it is pumping blood to the rest of the body (because the blood from the left side goes to the aorta) so it needs to be thicker in order to have a greater force so it can get blood to the entire body down to the pinky toe. The right side is thinner because it is just taking blood to the lungs which is right next to the heart
Why do veins have valves?
Because it is working in low pressure. The valves allow the blood to continuously flow going in one direction, in order to prevent back flow
Why does heart rate increase with exercise?
Because muscles need oxygen when working out because we are using more energy. Heart rate increases with exercising because more things need energy and heart has the blood that carries the oxygen to the cells in order to undergo cellular respiration, so that they can make more ATP to be used during exercise
Why does the heart need so much protection?
Because the heart is a muscle constantly pumping and that pumping/ contracting of that muscle may cause some friction so it needs to be protected by the pericardium and pericardial fluid.
Why are saturated fats bad?
Because they are stacked making it harder for the body to break it down, which means that saturated fat can accumulate in arteries (since it is hard to break down)
What does premature mean?
Before it can happen.
Where is the brachiocephalic?
Between arm and head so maybe like the shoulders
What are dietary cholesterol?
Body naturally makes it but it also comes from animal products like meat, chicken, seafood, eggs, dairy products, butter. There are both good and bad cholesterol. It is better to have the good kind so it can collect the bad kind
What type of EKG is this?
Bradycardia (slower heart beat). Abnormality at rest
What do veins do?
Bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart under low pressure
What areas lack capillaries and why?
Cartilage, cornea, and epidermis because they are in less need of oxygen since they have less metabolic processes.
Describe the chambers of the heart and their functions
Chambers are separated into top and bottom and right and left. The chambers allow for the blood to be entering into the heart and then traveling to the direction that they need to go
What are omega 3-fatty acids?
Col water fish salmon, mackerel, herring, flaxseed or flax oil, walnut oil, small amounts in soybean and canola oils
What is systole?
Contracting of the ventricles (squeezing blood into the aorta) and atria (squeezing blood into the ventricle)
What does the QRS stand for?
Depolarization (contraction) of the ventricle and repolarization (relaxation) of the atria
What is vasodilation?
Diameter increases as smooth muscles relax
What is vasoconstriction?
Diameter reduces as smooth muscles contract
Why does the body need fat?
Energy (cells use calories to create ATP), can provide a protection or cushioning around vital organs, the cell membrane is made of fat (phospholipid bilayer), it is used in the nervous system (myelin is fat that wraps around the axon to make the messages go faster), vitamins are made out of fats (A, D, E, K), hormones, good blood clotting, maintain hair and skin (gives them the ability to be pliable, sturdy and tough), protects organs, provides body insulation (by keeping body warm and regulating body temperature), and gives a sense of fullness so that your body does not overeat food that your body will not end up using
What do the bad types of fat provide you with?
Extra calories (can cause weight gain and obesity), obesity which can cause diabetes, heart disease, cancer, gallstones (rock-like structures that fill up gallbladder), sleep apnea (difficulty breathing when sleeping like snoring), osteoarthritis (putting more pressure on your joints), increased blood cholesterol which can cause coronary artery disease (plaque build up in the coronary arteries, restricting a blood supply from getting to the heart), and atherosclerosis (plaque clogging up other arteries in the body)
What is pericardial fluid and its function?
Fluid in the pericardium, which is an added extra barrier for the heart itself for protection
Which direction does blood always flow in?
From right side to left side
What takes place in the capillaries?
Gas exchange (diffuses o2 into the cell and collects the CO2 leftover from cellular respiration)
What are unsaturated fats?
Has a double bond in one of its tails causing them to not be stacked, which means they are easier to break down. Healthy fats
Describe middle tunica
Has thick walls due to smooth muscle which allows the arteries to contract and dilate.
What are saturated fats?
Have single bone between all carbon atoms and each carbon is combined with two hydrogen atoms (stacked). The unhealthy fats
What are healthy (unsaturated) fats?
Healthy fats are usually liquid at room temp. Unsaturated fats are monosaturated, polyunsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids
What are the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system and what do they do?
Heart (central), blood vessels (peripheral) that attach to the heart, and the blood found within those vessels (transport median)
What can an EKG determine?
Heart abnormalities
What is a pulse?
How the heart is beating
What could these BP numbers be an indication of?
How the heart is working and whether or not the blood pressure that is being built up in this arteries are going to be too high or too low depending on a medical condition
Why do arteries give rise to arterioles?
In order to diffuse blood into the capillaries, because an artery is too big to do so.
What does endo mean?
Inner
What is the endocardium?
Inner layer of the heart
What does (inter)(ventricular)(septum) stand for?
Inter = in between, ventricular = ventricles, septum = divider
What does it mean if someones BP numbers are out of range?
It could be an indicator that something is wrong with their heart
What is the function of the right side of the heart/pulmonary circuit?
It is deoxygenated blood (blood that exchanges CO2 for oxygen). The blood carries CO2 to the lungs in order to exchange it for oxygen. (Deoxygenated blood carries CO2)
Why does the QRS complex look different from the p wave and t wave?
It is larger because the ventricles contract with a greater force because it has a farther distance to go since it is sending blood to areas all over the body. During this period the atria is contracting but it is masked by the greater output from the ventricles
What is the function of the left side of the heart?
It is oxygenated blood (carries blood with oxygen) that is pumped to the rest of the body. Works harder.
Describe the structure of the heart
It is separated into right and left sides
How does a pace maker work and what is it used for?
It is used for people with heart issues. Pace makers allow for the heart to beat on its own because it has a synthetic S-A node embedded in the heart to override the nonworking OG S-A node
What is the S-A node and its function?
Its an electrical impulse that starts the contraction of the heart by telling the atria to contract and helps keep the same rhythm/beat within the heart
Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located?
Left side between left atrium and left ventricle
What is the function of the aortic valve and which side is it located on?
Left side, allows blood to leave left ventricle to rest of the body via aorta
What does the word epi mean?
Line upon
How do you tell which side from which when the heart is closed?
Look for the pulmonary artery. It will will come at an angle from the right side to the left side
What are trans fat and examples?
Made by man. Preserves food longer. Adding hydrogen to vegetable oil though hydrogenation. The body's enzymes do not recognize these man made fats so it doesn't know how to break it down. Ex. Baked goods (cookies, crackers, cakes), fried foods (doughnuts, French fries), margarine
What is the P-QRS-T complex?
Measure of electrical current that is going through the muscular part of the heart itself which stimulates the contracting and relaxing of the atria and ventricles.
What is apart of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Medulla oblongata, cerebrum and hypothalamus.
What are poly saturated fats and examples?
Multiple double bonded carbons. Ex. Vegetable oil (safflower, corn, sunflower, soy, and cottonseed oils)
What does myo mean?
Muscle
What are the papillary muscles?
Muscle that attaches to the chordae tendinae
What are examples of places that have more capillaries?
Muscles (because they are constantly working so they use a lot of energy) and nerves
What is the myocardium?
Muscular portion of the heart
What type of EKG is this?
Normal
What are electrocardiograms indicative of?
Of what's going on inside the heart in terms of how the heart is beating (contracting and relaxing and at what points) based on the electrical currents stimulating this heart beat.
What are monosaturated fats and examples?
One double bonded carbon. Ex. Olive oil, peanuts, canola oil, avocados, and most nuts like almonds
What are the heart coverings?
Pericardium and visceral pericardium
What is this abnormality called? and what is it due to?
Premature atrial contraction. It is due to the atria contracting too quickly before being filled up all the way with blood
What is this abnormality called? and what is it due to?
Premature ventricular contraction. It is due to the ventricles contracting too quickly before being filled up all the way with blood
What is HDL and its affect?
Protects against heart disease by taking the "bad" cholesterol out of your blood and keeping it from building up in your arteries
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Regulates heart rate depending on what your body needs. For ex. if you're exercising then your cells need more oxygen which causes your heart to beat faster to get O2 to those cells to produce more energy. Or maybe you have a lot of fat around the heart due to dietary issues causing the heart to beat faster even at rest because it is trying to get through that fat
What is diastole?
Relaxation of the ventricles (fills up with blood from the atria) and atria (fills up with blood from the pulmonary veins or vena cavas)
What are the chambers of the heart?
Right and left atrium and right and left ventricle
What is the function of the pulmonary valve and which side is it located on?
Right side, allows blood to leave right ventricles to lungs via the pulmonary artery
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
Right side, between right atrium and right ventricle
What are the dietary fats?
Saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and trans fat
What does the structure of the tricuspid/bicuspid valves do?
Separate the chambers of the heart
What does the interventricular septum do?
Separates the lower chambers (ventricles) into right and left
What are venules?
Small branches leading from capillaries that supply blood to veins. Basically little veins that lead into larger veins
What are capillaries?
Smallest diameter blood vessel and only part of the body where there is a mixing of blood
What are the blood vessels of the heart?
Superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary vein, coronary arteries and veins
What are the two types of blood pressures?
Systole and diastole
What is blood pressure?
The amount of force being put on the arteries as the blood is rushing through those blood vessels
What does cardium refer to?
The heart
Describe the structure of the heart.
The heart is separated into walls depending on the location of the structure
What is the impulse pathway?
The impulse starts at the S-A node above the atria, stimulating the atria to contract. Then it goes down to the A-V node in between the atria and ventricle. Then that impulse goes down the bundle of his in the interventricular septum, which have a right and left bundle branch with purkinje fibers that stimulate the ventricles to contract with a greater force
How do you tell which side from which when the heart is open?
The left side of the heart will be thicker
What is the path of blood flow throughout the body?
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries (aorta). The arteries then become smaller and narrower and are now called arterioles which connect to capillaries. These capillaries diffuse O2 from the blood into the cells and collects the bypass product (CO2) that the cells had produced during cellular respiration. The capillaries then carry that now deoxygenated blood to the venules that lead into veins, which carry that deoxygenated blood back to the heart to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava
What gets bigger or smaller located on the artery and vein depending on the need of the body with that blood?
The lumen
What happens as arterioles become thinner?
There walls become more permeable (allowing for things to exit and enter that layer)
What is the function of valves?
They act like little coverings within each of the chambers that allows for the blood to flow in one direction
Describe dietary fats
They are good for you in moderation, but not all fats are created equal
What is the structure and function of the semilunar valves?
They are moon shaped valves that allows for the blood to either go to the lungs or the rest of the body
What are harmful fats
They are usually solid or waxy at room temp . They include saturated fats, trans fats, and dietary cholesterol
How can doctors see how your heart is beating?
They can listen to your heart with a stethoscope to check if there are any murmurs or they can take an EKG to see what the actual electrical current within the heart which allows the heart to contract
What does the inferior and superior vena cava do?
They carry deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body that has already used that oxygen and is bringing it back to the heart to oxygenate it again
Describe arteries
They have thick walls and three layers. They work at high pressure because it is sending oxygenated blood to the rest of the body so again it needs the force to get super far in the body.
Describe veins
They have three distinct layers like the arteries but the middle layer is poorly developed. Veins have thinner walls and less smooth muscle and less elastic tissue.
What are coronary arteries and coronary veins?
They supply the heart itself with oxygenated blood (and takes away deoxygenated blood I think to convert to oxygenated) so it can give the heart a blood supply so that it can pump blood to other parts of the body.
What happens to the ventricles and atria involving blood pressure? What is its purpose?
They work in opposition so when the atria is contracting/ squeezing blood into the ventricles the ventricles are relaxing/ filling up with blood from the atria and when the ventricles are contracting (squeezing blood into the aorta) the atria are relaxing (filling up with blood from the pulmonary veins or vena cavas), allowing for the blood to come back to those chambers to repeat the process
What is the structure and function of the pericardium?
Thick fibrous membrane that enclose the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels (basically means sac like structure that surrounds the heart) it is a structure around the heart for protection. It takes the blood that is now oxygenated to the rest of the body.
What is the structure and function of the ventricles and where is it found?
Thick, muscular wall, delivers blood to body (right and left). It is found at the bottom of the heart
What is the function and structure of the visceral pericardium?
Thin membrane that directly covers the heart (membrane around the heart itself) for protection
What is the structure and function of the atria and where is it found?
Thin wall, receives blood from body or lungs (right and left). It is found on the top part of the heart.
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
To pump blood to the rest of the body to get the nutrients found in the blood to the rest of the cells that need it. Maintains homeostasis by transportation
What is the function of the arteries?
Typically carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
Where are the places you can typically find pulses?
Ulnar/radial pulse and carotid pulse. (Pulses can be found in other places but when checking your own you typically want to check here)
Where is the subclavian?
Underneath the clavicle
What distinguishes veins from arteries?
Veins have valves and a larger lumen
What type of blood to veins and arteries carry and what is the exception to the rule?
Veins usually carry deoxygenated blood (like the superior and inferior vena cava) and arteries carry oxygenated blood (like the aorta). But the exception to the rule is pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood to back to the left atrium
What is an example of when tachycardia is not considered an abnormality?
When exercising
What should be considered (relating to maximum heart rate) when exercising and why?
When exercising you should be between 60%-85% of your max heart rate (do not exceed heart rate) to work your cardiovascular for 30-45 minutes in order to give yourself the best results in terms of your heart working and making sure muscles are the oxygen they need to do the exercise
How does using a sphygmomanometer determine blood pressure?
When taking blood pressure, you wrap the inflatable cuff around the brachial artery. Let the cuff inflate all the way until you hear no sound (arterial blood flow has stopped). Then deflate the cuff and listen for the first "duh dun" sound with the stethoscope part. The
What is LDL? What is it's effect?
bad cholesterol. Can build up on the walls of your arteries and increase chances of getting heart disease
What is the measurement of atria systole and ventricle diastole called?
blood pressure
What is the function of the veins?
carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart typically
What does EKG stand for?
electrocardiogram
What are the walls of the heart?
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
What is it called when the atria systole number is too high?
hypertension
What is it called when the ventricle systole number is too low?
hypotension
What does the word pulmonary mean?
lungs
What is the epicardium?
outer layer of the heart
What does the cardiovascular system transport?
oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, heat, CO2
What are the two semilunar valves?
pulmonary and aortic
What is the right side of the heart called?
pulmonary circuit
What is an electrocardiogram?
recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
What are the chambers of the heart?
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
What does S-A node stand for?
sinoatrial node
What is an arteriole?
small artery
What equipment is used to measure blood pressure?
sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
What is the left side of the heart called?
systemic circuit
What are triglycerides?
the chemical form of most fats in foods and the human body; contribute to atherosclerosis
What are the valves of the heart?
tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic
What are the 3 layers of the arteries?
tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa
What does the t wave stand for?
ventricular repolarization (relaxation)
What is another name for the epicardium?
visceral pericardium
