Ch 13 Learn Smart

Which of the following are categories of virulence factors?

antiphagocytic effects. toxins. exoenzymes.

Droplets

are dried microscopic residues created when microscopic pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from the mouth and nose.

Aerosols

are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens.

It is common for infections to produce no noticeable symptoms, infections of this nature are called:

asymptomatic

The microbial groups that make up the normal flora of the skin consist primarily of ___ and ___.

bacteria. yeasts.

A ___ vector actively participates in the life cycle of the pathogen.

biological

Many resident microbiota have the potential to cause ___ when presented with the right environmental conditions.

disease

toxinoses

diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms

bacterial kinases

dissolve fibrin clots

An infectious disease that has a steady frequency in a particular geographical location over a long period of time is referred to as ___ to that region.

endemic

An ___ agent is an infectious microbe that already exists on or in the human body.

endogenous

A ___ occurs when the prevalence of a disease is greater than expected for a particular population.

epidemic

Colagenase

exoenzyme that is responsible for breaking down fibers in connective tissue.

A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called

exotoxin

when an infectious agent breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to another tissue, a ___ infection occurs.

focal

Exotoxins

have effects on a specific cell type.

Tissue damage is often indirectly caused by an ___ host response to microbes.

inappropriate

Damage from excessive host immune response is a form of ___ damage.

indirect

Damage from excessive host immune responses is a form of ___ damage.

indirect

The invasion and multiplication of a pathogen in the human host is referred to as an ___.

infection

What is the minimum number of a microbe that must enter the body in order to cause infection called?

infectious dose

Systemic infection

invades many compartments and organs via the blood stream.

Medical asepsis

involves practices that lower the microbial load in patients, workers and the hospital environment. - These practices include proper hand washing, disinfection, sanitization, and patient isolation.

A true pathogen

is a biological agent that is capable of causing infection and disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.

LPS

is a major gram negative bacteria component and an endotoxin responsbile for septic shock

An asypmtomatic carrier

is a person with no apparent infection who shows no symptoms of being infected yet is able to pass the disease agent on to others.

Toxemia

is a type of toxinosis in which a toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection.

Hyaluronidase

is an exoenzyme that is responsible for digesting the cement that holds host cells together.

an endemic disease

is an infectious disease that is present in a population at a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time.

The correct epidemiological term for the number of persons who have died as the result of a particular disease

is the mortality rate

Incidence

is the number of new cases of a disease over a certain period of time.

septicemia

is the presence of multiplying microbes in circulating blood.

A state of inactive infection is called ___.

latency

Unlike transient biota, normal flora are:

long term or permanent inhabitants of the human body.

An animal that transports an infectious agent but is not infected by it is known as a ____ vector.

mechanical

The number of persons in a population who are afflicted witha particular disease is referred to as the

morbidity rate

microbes are easily transferred between the sinuses, ears, and upper respiratory tract because they are interconnected by a continuous ___ membrane lining.

mucous

The death and disintegration of cells and tissues is referred to as ___.

necrosis

infectious diseases that are acquired or developed while being treated in a hospital or medical facility are called ___ infections.

nosocomial. healthcare-associtaed.

Polymicrobial infection

occurs when microbes cooperate in breaking down a tissue or one microbe creates an environment that enables another microbe to invade.

Lipopolysaccharide is located in the ___ ___ of the cell envelope in gram-negative bacteria.

outer membrane

a ___ is any biological agent that causes disease.

pathogen

In many cases, normal biota can benefit the human host by:

preventing the overgrowth of potentially harmful biota

Second stage after incubation

prodromal stage

lysis

refers to rupture of cells only.

droplet nuclei

residue of dried or evaporated droplets of mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that can contain bacterium and remains in the air for long periods of time.

The portal entry for the largest number of pathogens is the:

respiratory tract

Any abnormality uncovered upon physical examination or diagnosis that indicates the presence of disease is referred to as a ____.

sign

Vertical

signifies transmission from parent to off spring via ovum, sperm, placenta, or breast milk.

Which of the following diseases are caused by agents that exit through the skin?

smallpox. Boils. Syphillis. Herpes simplex. Warts. Tineas.

Many infectious agents do not remain localized because their ___ ___ is distant from their portal of entry.

target tissue

edema

the accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities.

mucinase

the exoenzyme that digests the mucous coating on mucous membranes.

source

the specific organism or object from which an infection is directly acquired.

blood pressure decreases in response

to endotoxin release.

A ___ pathogen is a biological agent that is capable of causing infection and disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.

true

Mechanical vectors are not

ways an infectious agent can gain access to unbroken skin.

lymphadenitis

- Inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually as a result of infection - Enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes near site of injury.

four Stages of infection in order.

1) incubation period 2) prodromal stage 3) period of invasion 4) convalescent period

granuloma

A granular tumor or growth.

Mortality rate

A measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval of time

Lesion

A sore, wound, injury, or other pathoglic change.

Leukocidin

A substance formed by some pathogens that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes. -Species of both Streptococcus and Staphylococcus produce _______, substances that are toxic to white blood cells.

An A-B toxin is composed of an ___ component and a ___ component.

Active. Binding.

___ are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens, whereas droplets are dried microscopic residues ejected from the mouth and nose.

Aerosols.

nosocomial infection

An infection that can be acquired in a hospital

Biological vectors transmit the infectious agent by:

Biting the host. Aerosol formation. Touching the host.

Which anatomical areas are involved in the entrance of urogenital pathogens?

Cervix. Penis. Urethra. Vagina.

Coliforms

Citrobacter. Enterobacter. E. Coli

Which types of carrier have had or will have the disease but do not at the time of transmission?

Convalescent carriers. Chronic carriers. incubation carriers.

Which of the following are examples of normal flora of the skin?

Cornebacterium. Staphylococcus. Propionibacterium.

Which of the following are examples of normal flora on the skin?

Corynebacterium. Staphylococcus. Propionibacterium.

Ways exotoxins usually affect host cells.

Damaging cell membrane. Lysing the cell.

sequelae

Diseases that cause long-term or permanent damage

Signs of inflammation

Edema. Abscesses. Lymphadenitis. Redness. Granulomas.

three categories of virulence factors

Exoenzymes. antiphagocytic effects. toxins

Which of the following are flora of the respiratory tract?

Haemophilus. Streptococcus species. Streptococcus aureus, Neisseria species.

Endotoxins

Have systemic effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and shock.

Endotoxin causes a variety of systemic effects, including:

Hemorrage. Fatal Shock condition. Diarrhea. Inflammation. Fever.

regarding zoonosis

Humans are usually dead-end hosts in zoonotic infections.

an enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid, which is the glue that holds host cells together, is called___.

Hyaluronidase.

Three types of carriers that are infectious during the period before or after they have been infected with the disease

Incubation carriers. Chronic carriers. Convalescent carriers.

The majority of microbial diseases are the result of:

Indirect damage due to the host's excessive or inappropriate response.

A toxinosis caused by the ingestion of toxins is called?

Intoxication

The uterus

Is sterile until rupturing of the fetal membranes.

The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called

Keratinase

Food is usually contaminated by which of the following sources?

Mechanical vector. Soil. Handler

Which of the following microbes produce a capsule or slime to physically prevent phagocytosis?

Neisseria meningitidis. Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cryptococcus neoformans. Salmonella typhi.

Which of the following microbes can be engulfed by phagocytes but are able to survive further destruction?

Rickettsia rickettsii. Legionella pneumophila. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

When is an infant first exposed to normal biota members?

Rupturing of the fetal membranes.

A ___ infection is an infection that compounds a pre-existing one.

Secondary

Which of the following are examples of direct transmission?

Sexual intercourse. Droplet contact. Vertical transmission. Biological vector bites.

Respiratory pathogens can exit the body most effectively by which of the following means?

Sneezing. Coughing.

which of the following are the most common members of normal flora of the mouth?

Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus sanguis. Streptococcus salivarius.

What factors make the human body a favorable environment for a wide range of microbes?

Surface area. Moisture. Stable temperature. Source of nutrients.

toxigenicity

The ability of an organism to produce toxins.

Syndrome

The collection of signs and symptoms that when seen together indicate a particular disease.

Coagulase

The exoenzyme responsible for clotting the blood or plasma.

Bacteremia

The presence of viable, but not necessarily multiplying, bacteria in circulating blood.

Source

The specific organism or object from which an infection is directly acquired.

Which of the following is the most common site for nosocomial infections?

Urinary tract

umbilical vein

Vessel that brings clean, oxygenated fetal blood and nutrients back to the fetus from the placenta

Skin lesions and their exudates can serve as portal exits for ___, fungal infections, ___, herpes simplex, ___, and syphilis.

Warts. Boils. smallpox.

Clear zones in blood agar

When bacteria growing on blood agar produce hemolysins.

Salmonella and E. coli are able to disrupt the ___ ___ of a cell in order to gain access to the cell interior.

actin skeleton

Which of the following are considered to be signs of blood infection?

- Leukocytosis. - Microbes in the blood. - Leukopenia.

A pathogen can directly damage its host by:

- Secretion of exoenzymes. - Secretion of toxins.

prodromal stage

- The short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the incubation period of an infection. - The initial stage of the disease, characterized by common general complaint of illness, such as Malaise and fever

Which of the following are Not examples of direct transmission?

Aerosol formation. Contaminated vehicles. Droplet nuclei. Formite contamination.

The ___ is the time period where a patient is recovering from an infection.

Convalescent period. This is the fourth and final stage.

Which type of transmission involve air as the vehicle?

Droplet nuclei. Aerosols.

The type of transmission that involve air as a vehicle are ___ nuclei and ___.

Droplet. Aerosols.

Which of the following steps is Not required to cause actual damage to the host?

Eliminate the host immune defenses.

This is a step that is required for a microbe to establish itself in a host

Evade immune system defenses. Utilize a portal exit.

A ___ infection occurs when a microbe breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to another tissue.

Focal

Gastrointestinal pathogens enter via ___, ___, and other ingested substances.

Food, and Drink

___ are a type of bacterial exotoxin that disrupt the cell membrane of red blood cells.

Hemolysins

___ transmission is a term used to describe the direct or indirect transmission of a pathogen through a population, HINT: this term is the opposite of the term used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from mother to offspring through the placenta.

Hoizontal

To cause actual damage to a host, a microbe must:

Induce an injurious immune response. Produce toxins that destroy tissue.

Which of the following are common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections?

Infections of damaged tissue. Formite transmission. Aerosol transmission. Direct contact with persons. Resident biota infections.

Exoenzymes play which of the following main roles in the disease process?

Inflict damage on tissue. Dissolve the host defensive barriers.

Characteristics that describe Coliform bacteria:

Lactose fermenting. Gram negative bacilli. Facultative anaerobe.

The only areas of the gastrointestinal tract that harbor numerous permanent resident microbes are the :

Large intestine. Rectum. Oral Cavity.

which of the following is the substance referred to as endotoxin?

Lipopolysaccharide

microbe that produces a capsule or slime to physically prevent phagocytosis

Neisseria meningitidis. Cryptococcus neoformans. Streptococcus pneumoniae. Salmonella typhi.

Which of the following are considered typical residents of the urethra?

Nonhemolytic streptococci. Staphylococcus. Corynebacterium.

When a microbe that is not pert of the normal biota enters into the body, it is likely to first encounter which type of host defense?

Phagocytes.

The specific avenue through which pathogens depart the body is known as the ___ of ___.

Portal of exit

The Short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the incubation period of an infection is the ____ stage.

Prodromal

If the inoculum is much larger than the infectious dose, what may occur?

Rapid onset of disease

acronym for the unified cluster of common fetal and neonatal infections that medical personnel must monitor.

S.T.O.R.C.H syphilis. toxoplasmosis. other diseases rubella. cytomegalovirus. herpes simplex virus

Vehicle

Specifically refers to an inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens.

Virulence

The relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells; the degree of pathogenicity.

Which term is NOT used to refer to the normal microbes that inhabit the human body and usually do not cause disease?

Transient biota

Fecal-oral route

a means of transmission of disease in which pathogens in feces are transmitted by being ingested

A secondary infection is an ___ ____ that follows an initial infection with a different microbe.

additional infection

Oral streptococci

are the first microbes to colonize the upper respiratory tract.

Helminths gain access to unbroken skin through ___, while other organisms are transmitted through insect or animal ___.

burrowing. bites.

Thrombopenia

condition of having too few platelets and is considered to be a sign of infection.

If an agent is transferred from an infected person to another person without an intermediate object, substance, or space, it is said to be ___ transmission.

contact

Any change from a state of health is known as ___.

disease

gram testing

done to check the type of cell wall a bacterial has. Bacteria cell wall has peptidoglycans. These may be either inside the 2 membranes of the cell wall or on the outside.

A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called an ____.

endotoxin

An ___ has systemic effects such as fever, inflammation

endotoxin

___ is the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in human populations.

epidemiology

Extracellular enzymes utilized by microbes to dissolve host's defenses and promote the spread to deeper tissues are ___ .

exoenzymes

An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is referred to as ___.

exogenous

A toxin (usually a protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called an

exotoxin

Which of the following characteristics describes coliform bacteria?

facultative anaerobe. gram negative bacilli. lactose fermenting.

LPS is found in which type of bacterial cells?

gram negative

The total number of new cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is refereed to as the ___.

incidence

infectious agents that are transmitted from host to host with the involvement of an intermediate inanimate material are said to be ___ transmitted.

indirectly

any damage or toxicity caused by a pathogen is known as ____ disease.

infectious

nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection that protects the host from further damage.

inflammation

The ___ period is the time during a clinical infection when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels and obvious signs/symptoms are present.

invasion

pathogenicity

is a broad concept that describes an organism's potential to cause infection or disease.

Exozyme

is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macro molecules or damage to host tissue

Leukocytosis

is an increase in the number of circulating white blood cells. This is considered to be a sign of possible infection.

Disease prevalance

is the total number of cases of a particular disease within the entire population.

A ___ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there.

localized

Unlike transient biota, normal flora are ____-____ or permanent inhabitants of the human body.

long-term

Pathogens enter the skin through which of the following means?

needles. breaks in the skin. bites. Digestive enzymes creating passage.

Endotoxin (LPS) is a toxic component of the gram ___ outer membrane that is released upon damage or lysis of the cell.

negative

In reference to diseases, the natural host or primary habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its ___.

reservoir

most of the microbes that live in water and soil are ___, meaning they live off decomposing matter.

saprobic

In the field of epidemiology, the collection and analysis of data on the occurrence. mortality and transmission of infection for a large number of diseases is refered to as

surveillance

A ____ is a product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms.

toxin

An inanimate material (solid, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission is called a

vehicle

The ___ of a particular microbe is determined by its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage.

virulence

A ____ ____ is a property of a microbe that improves their invasiveness or ability to evade host defenses in order to cause disease.

virulence factor.